غیررسمی بودگی شهری و ابعاد تبیین کننده آن

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 پژوهشگر دوره دکتری شهرسازی، دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 استاد دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

غیررسمی‌بودگی‌شهری۱ یکی از مهم‌ترین علل شکل‌گیری شکاف میان نظریه و عمل در شهرسازی است. ضعف در پرداختن به دوگانه‌های احاطه‌کننده مفهوم غیررسمی‌بودگی‌شهری و فقدان ارائه تبیینی جامع از ابعاد مختلف آن، خلأ بزرگی در متون نظری پیرامون این مفهوم است. هدف از این مقاله تبیین دوگانه کلیدی جهان شمال۲-جهان جنوب۳پیرامون مفهوم غیررسمی‌بودگی‌شهری و عمق و بُعد بخشی به آن است. در این مقاله با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی استقرایی از نوع پنهان، متون منتخب مرتبط با مفهوم غیررسمی‌بودگی‌شهری موردبررسی قرارگرفته است. متون منتخب از میان ۱۵۲ مقاله منتشرشده در بازه زمانی ۲۰۲۰-۱۹۷۰ با محوریت عبارت «غیررسمی‌بودگی‌شهری» استخراج شده‌اند. «دوگانه جهان شمال-جهان جنوب و اثر آن بر فهم غیررسمی‌بودگی‌شهری» و«ابعاد مختلف غیررسمی‌بودگی‌شهری و سازوکارهای هر یک از آنها» دو مقوله هسته‌ای هستند که ادبیات نظری این مفهوم را شکل داده‌اند. مقوله هسته‌ای اول از برهم‌کنش میان دو کلان مقوله «شهرگرایی تطبیقی و نفی دوگانه جهان شمال و جنوب» و «ویژگی‌های غیررسمی‌بودگی‌شهری در جهان شمال و جهان جنوب» ایجاد شده است. مقوله هسته‌ای دوم شامل شش کلان مقوله است که ابعاد مختلف غیررسمی‌بودگی‌شهری را شکل می‌دهند و عبارت‌اند از: ابعاد «فرهنگی»، «اجتماعی»، «اقتصادی»، «حقوقی»، «سیاسی» و «فضایی».

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


-         مومنی‌راد، اکبر، علی‌آبادی، خدیجه، فردانش، هاشم، و مزینی، ناصر (1392). تحلیل محتوای کیفی در آیین پژوهش: ماهیت، مراحل و اعتبار نتایج. نشریه علمی پژوهشی اندازه‌گیری تربیتی، 14، 187 - 222.
 
-         AlSayyad, N., & Roy, A. (2003). Urban informality: Transnational perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Oxford: Lexington Books.
-         Banks, N., Lombard, M., & Mitlin, D. (2019). Urban informality as a site of critical analysis. The Journal of Development Studies, 1-16.
-         Bayat, A. (2004). Globalization and the Politics of the Informals in the Global South. In A. Roy, & N. Alsayad (Eds.), Urban Informality. Transnational perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America and South Asia (79-102). Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Oxford: Lexington Books.
-         Boanada-Fuchs, A., & Boanada Fuchs, V. (2018). Towards a taxonomic understanding of informality. International Development Planning Review, 40 (4), 397-420.
-         Boudreau, J.-A., & Davis, D. E. (2017). Introduction: A processual approach to informalization. London, England: SAGE.
-         Caldeira, T. (2009). Opening remarks at the Peripheries: Decentering Urban Theory conference. University of California, Berkeley, 5-7.
-         Campbell, S. (1996). Green cities, growing cities, just cities?: Urban planning and the contradictions of sustainable development. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62 (3), 296-312.
-         Campbell, S. (2016). The planner's triangle revisited: sustainability and the evolution of a planning ideal that can't stand still. Journal of the American Planning Association, 82 (4), 388-397.
-         Chien, K. (2019). Polarizing informality: Processual thinking, materiality and the emerging middle-class informality in Taipei. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 51(6), 1225–1241.
-         Chiodelli, F. (2019). The Dark Side of Urban Informality in the Global North: Housing Illegality and Organized Crime in Northern Italy. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 43 (3), 497-516.
-         Cruz, T. (2007). Levittown retrofitted: an urbanism beyond the property line. Writing urbanism: a design reader, Routledge, New York.
-         Davis, M. (2006). Planet of slums. London: Verso.
-         De Soto, H. (2000). The mystery of capital: Why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else. Basic Civitas Books.
-         De Sousa Santos, B. (2002). Toward a new legal common sense: law, globalization, and emancipation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-         Devlin, R. (2011). Informal urbanism in the USA: New challenges for theory and practice. Planning Theory and Practice, 12(1), 144–150.
-         Devlin, R. (2018). Asking ‘Third World questions’ of First World informality: Using Southern theory to parse needs from desires in an analysis of informal urbanism of the global North. Planning Theory, 17 (4), 568-587.
-         Devlin, R. (2019). A focus on needs: toward a more nuanced understanding of inequality and urban informality in the global North. Journal of Cultural Geography, 36 (2), 121-143.
-         Doshi, S., & Ranganathan, M. (2019). Towards a critical geography of corruption and power in late capitalism. Progress in Human Geography, 43 (3), 436-457.
-         Duminy, J. (2011). Literature survey: Informality and planning.  WIEGO Resource Document No. 1. Manchester, UK: WIEGO.
-         Durst, N. J. (2019). Informal and ubiquitous: Colonias, premature subdivisions and other unplanned suburbs on America’s urban fringe. Urban Studies, 56 (4), 722-740.
-         Etzold, B., Keck, M., Bohle, H. G., & Zingel, W. P. (2009). Informality as agency–negotiating food security in Dhaka. Die Erde, 140 (1), 3-24.
-         Flyvbjerg, B. (1998). Rationality and power: Democracy in practice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
-         Friedmann, J. (2005). Globalization and the emerging culture of planning. Progress in Planning, 64 (3), 183-234.
-         Ghertner, D. A. (2008). Analysis of new legal discourse behind Delhi's slum demolitions. Economic and Political Weekly, 57-66.
-         Goldstein, D. M. (2016). Owners of the sidewalk: Security and survival in the informal city. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
-         Hackenbroch, K. (2011). Urban informality and negotiated space: negotiations of access to public space in Dhaka, Bangladesh. disP-The Planning Review, 47 (187), 59-69.
-         Haid, C. G., & Hilbrandt, H. (2019). Urban informality and the state: geographical translations and conceptual alliances. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 43 (3), 551-562.
-         Hansen, K. T., & Vaa, M. (2004). Reconsidering informality: Perspectives from urban Africa. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
-         Hentschel, C. (2015). Postcolonializing Berlin and the fabrication of the urban. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 39 (1), 79-91.
-         Hilbrandt, H., Alves, S. N., & Tuvikene, T. (2017). Writing across contexts: Urban informality and the state in Tallinn, Bafata and Berlin. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41 (6), 946-961.
-         Holston, J., & Caldeira, T. (2008). Urban peripheries and the invention of citizenship. Harvard Design Magazine, 28, 18-23.
-         Hossain, S. (2011). Informal dynamics of a public utility: Rationality of the scene behind a screen. Habitat International, 35 (2), 275-285.
-         Innes, J. E., Connick, S., & Booher, D. (2007). Informality as a planning strategy: Collaborative water management in the CALFED Bay-Delta Program. Journal of the American Planning Association, 73 (2), 195-210.
-         Iveson, K., Lyons, C., Clark, S., & Weir, S. (2019). The informal Australian city. Australian Geographer, 50 (1), 11-27.
-         Jaffe, R., & Koster, M. (2019). The myth of formality in the Global North: informality as innovation in Dutch governance. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 43 (3), 563-568.
-         Kudva, N. (2009). The everyday and the episodic: the spatial and political impacts of urban informality. Environment and Planning A, 41 (7), 1614-1628.
-         Lefebre, H. (1991). The production of space  (Trans. N. Donaldson-Smith). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
-         Lombard, M. (2019). Informality as structure or agency? Exploring shed housing in the UK as informal practice. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 43 (3), 569-575.
-         Madanipour, A. (2013). Whose public space?: International case studies in urban design and development. Abingdon: Routledge.
-         Marx, C., & Kelling, E. (2019). Knowing urban informalities. Urban Studies, 56 (3), 494-509.
-         McFarlane, C. (2010). The comparative city: Knowledge, learning, urbanism. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 34 (4), 725-742.
-         McFarlane, C. (2012). Rethinking informality: Politics, crisis, and the city. Planning Theory & Practice, 13 (1), 89-108.
-         Ong, A. (2006). Neoliberalism as exception: Mutations in citizenship and sovereignty. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
-         Picker, G. (2019). Sovereignty beyond the state: exception and informality in a Western European city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 43 (3), 576-581.
-         Ranganathan, M. (2014). 'Mafias' in the waterscape: Urban informality and everyday public authority in Bangalore. Water Alternatives, 7 (1), 89-105.
-         Robinson, J., & Roy, A. (2016). Debate on global urbanisms and the nature of urban theory. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 40 (1), 181-186.
-         Roy, A. (2005). Urban informality: toward an epistemology of planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71 (2), 147-158.
-         Roy, A. (2009a). Strangely familiar: Planning and the worlds of insurgence and informality. Planning Theory, 8 (1), 7-11.
-         Roy, A. (2009b). Why India cannot plan its cities: Informality, insurgence and the idiom of urbanization. Planning Theory, 8 (1), 76-87.
-         Roy, A. (2011). Slumdog cities: Rethinking subaltern urbanism. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 35 (2), 223-238.
-         Roy, A. (2012). Urban informality: The production of space and practice of planning. The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning, 691-705.‏
-         Roy, A. (2018). The potency of the state: Logics of informality and subalternity. The Journal of Development Studies, 54 (12), 2243-2246.
-         Simone, A. (2000). On informality and considerations for policy. Cape Town: Isandla Institute Cape Town.
-         Simone, A. (2001). Straddling the divides: remaking associational life in the informal African city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25 (1), 102-117.
-         Simone, A. (2010). City life from Jakarta to Dakar: movements at the crossroads. Abingdon: Routledge.
-         Soja, E. (1996). Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and other real-and-imagined places. Madden: Blackwell Publishing.
-         Watson, V. (2013). Planning and the ‘stubborn realities’ of global south-east cities: Some emerging ideas. Planning Theory, 12 (1), 81-100.
-         Weinstein, L. (2008). Mumbai's development mafias: globalization, organized crime and land development. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32 (1), 22-39.
-         Werna, E. (2001). Shelter, employment and the informal city in the context of the present economic scene: Implications for participatory governance. Habitat International, 25 (2), 209-227.
-         Yiftachel, O. (2006). Essay: re-engaging planning theory? Towards ‘south-eastern’perspectives. Planning Theory, 5 (3), 211-222.
-         Yiftachel, O. (2009a). Critical theory and ‘gray space’: Mobilization of the colonized. City, 13 (2-3), 246-263.
-         Yiftachel, O. (2009b). Theoretical Notes OnGray Cities': the coming of urban apartheid?. Planning Theory, 8(1), 88-100.