Proposing a Bioclimatic Atlas in Iran to Achieve Climate Responsive Architecture Strategies

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Architecture, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Geography, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran

Abstract

The incompatibility of new buildings with the climatic environment and the neglect of the interactions between them have led to the unbridled use of fossil fuels and disrupted the thermal comfort of their occupants. There was a climate-responsive design from the past in Iran's architecture, which unfortunately has been forgotten in contemporary architecture. In the past, buildings that were built in different climates of Iran had special features related to that climate and climate adaptation strategies were well observed. Therefore, the present study seeks to understand the climate of the country and consequently recognize the appropriate use of various solutions to provide cooling and heating to save energy costs. In this article, for obtaining different solutions for the active and passive supply of cooling and heating energy inside buildings for different cities of Iran, daily meteorological data of dry temperature and relative humidity of 155 meteorological stations from 1995 to 2018 were used. In order to evaluate the bioclimatic strategies for providing comfort inside the buildings, two redrawn building bioclimatic diagrams of Givoni were used; one for hot developing countries and the other for developed countries. These diagrams are the latest Givoni proposes for bioclimatic assessment in his book. How the graphs were placed on the psychrometric chart reduced their effectiveness, which the authors have redrawn. All charts were drawn for the stations using GIS software. The frequency of occurrence of climatic phenomena was displayed on 20 ranges of active and passive bioclimatic strategies and the output data were collected in a spreadsheet database. According to the outputs of drawing the bioclimatic diagram of each station, the percentage of frequency of different bioclimatic strategies was calculated, and based on cluster analysis, 8 bioclimatic groups were classified for Iran. Lastly, climate design suggestions were created for each of the 8 clusters, and the percentage of occurrence of thermal comfort conditions and each of the cooling and heating strategies in these 8 zones was evaluated. In heating strategies, the most common suggestion for all regions of the country is "internal heat gain", while cooling strategies in the country are more diverse. Utilization of "natural ventilation" in humid regions, "direct evaporative cooling" in hot and dry regions, "indirect evaporative cooling" in all warm regions, "night ventilation with thermal mass" in almost all parts of the country which include "active air conditioning systems" in hot and humid climates are suggested. The highest percentage of "thermal comfort" is in hot and humid climates and the lowest percentage in the humid Caspian climate, which shows that the main adverse climatic conditions in other parts of the country are because of the cold winter weather. Thus, this result is in contrast to what has always been imagined that the climate of the Caspian region provides the most temperate and favorable environmental conditions for individuals. In the present study, it was found that the lowest incidence of thermal comfort is in this area and the need for direct solar radiation is more than in other groups.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

اخترکاوان، مهدی، صدیق، مرتضی، و اخترکاوان، حمید (1391). تنظیم شرایط همساز با بوم و اقلیم ایران. تهران: کلهر.
خسروی، محمود، و آرامش، محسن (1391). پهنه‌بندی اقلیمی استان مرکزی با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی-خوشه‌‌ای. جغرافیا و برنامه‌‌ریزی محیطی، 23(2)، 87–100.
خلیلی، علی، درویش صفت، علی‌اصغر، برادران راد، رضا، و بذرافشان، جواد (1383). پیشنهاد روش برای پهنه‌بندی اقلیمی در محیط جی آی اس، مطالعه موردی شمال غرب ایران در سیستم سلیانینف. بیابان، 9(2)، 227–237.
دین‌‌پژوه، یعقوب، فاخری، احمد، مقدم، محمد، جهانبخش، سعید، و میرنیا، میرکمال (1382). انتخاب متغیرها به منظور پهنه‌‌بندی اقلیم بارش ایران با روش چندمتغیره. علوم کشاورزی ایران، 34(4)، 809–823.
رازجویان، محمود (1388). آسایش در پناه معماری همساز با اقلیم (ویرایش دوم). تهران: دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.
کسمایی، مرتضی (1371). پهنه‌‌بندی اقلیمی ایران، مسکن و محیط‌‌های مسکونی. تهران: مرکز تحقیقات ساختمان و مسکن.
 
Abels, D. J., & Kipnis, V. (1998). Bioclimatology and balneology in dermatology: a Dead Sea perspective. Clinics in Dermatology, 16 (6), 695–698.
Afshoon, I., Miri, M., & Mousavi, S. R. (2021). Combining Kriging meta models with U-function and K-Means clustering for prediction of fracture energy of concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 35, 102050.
Ajibola, K. (2001). Design for comfort in Nigeria—a bioclimatic approach. Renewable Energy, 23 (1), 57–76.
Akbarian Ronizi, S. R., Roshan, G. R., & Negahban, S. (2016). Assessment of tourism climate opportunities and threats for villages located in the northern coasts of Iran. International Journal of Environmental Research, 10 (4), 601–612.
Ascione, F., De Masi, R. F., de Rossi, F., Ruggiero, S., & Vanoli, G. P. (2016). Optimization of building envelope design for nZEBs in Mediterranean climate: Performance analysis of residential case study. Applied Energy, 183, 938–957.
Attia, S. G. M., & De Herde, A. (2009). Bioclimatic architecture design strategies in Egypt. Sustainable Energy Technologies, 1(1).
Attia, S., Lacombe, T., Rakotondramiarana, H. T., Garde, F., & Roshan, G. (2019). Analysis tool for bioclimatic design strategies in hot humid climates. Sustainable Cities and Society, 45, 8–24.
Bai, L., Yang, L., Song, B., & Liu, N. (2020). A new approach to develop a climate classification for building energy efficiency addressing Chinese climate characteristics. Energy, 195, 116982.
Balogun, I. A., Ntekop, A. A., & Daramola, M. T. (2019). Assessment of the bioclimatic conditions over some selected stations in Nigeria. SN Applied Sciences, 1 (6), 1–14.
CIBSE. (2006). CIBSE KS06: comfort. London: the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.
Cutini, M., Flavio, M., Giuliana, B., Guido, R., & Jean-Paul, T. (2021). Bioclimatic pattern in a Mediterranean mountain area: assessment from a classification approach on a regional scale. International Journal of Biometeorology, 65, 1085–1097.
DeKay, M., & Brown, G. Z. (2013). Sun, wind, and light: architectural design strategies. John Wiley & Sons.
Dorcas Mobolade, T., & Pourvahidi, P. (2020). Bioclimatic Approach for Climate Classification of Nigeria. Sustainability, 12 (10), 4192. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104192.
Galvez-Nieto, J. L., Garcia, J. A., Vera-Bachmann, D., Trizano-Hermosilla, I., & Polanco, K. (2020). Multilevel latent class cluster analysis of school climate: individual, family and community factors. Revista de Psicodidáctica (English Ed.), 25 (2), 85–92.
Givoni, B. (1976). Man, Climate and Architecture. London: Applied Science Publisher.
Givoni, B. (1991). Performance and applicability of passive and low-energy cooling systems. Energy and Buildings, 17 (3), 177–199.
Givoni, B. (1994). Passive low energy cooling of buildings. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons.
Givoni, B. (1998). Climate considerations in building and urban design. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Guillén-Lambea, S., Rodríguez-Soria, B., & Marín, J. M. (2017). Comfort settings and energy demand for residential nZEB in warm climates. Applied Energy, 202, 471–486.
ASHRAE (2017). Handbook of Fundamentals. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Hao, Z., Zhang, X., Xie, J., Wang, J., & Liu, J. (2021). Building climate zones of major marine islands in China defined using two-stage zoning method and clustering analysis. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 10 (1), 134–147.
Hussein, H., & Jamaludin, A. A. (2015). POE of bioclimatic design building towards promoting sustainable living. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 168, 280–288.
Keeler, M., & Burke, B. (2009). Fundamentals of integrated design for sustainable building. John Wiley & Sons.
Khambadkone, N. K., & Jain, R. (2017). A bioclimatic analysis tool for investigation of the potential of passive cooling and heating strategies in a composite Indian climate. Building and Environment, 123, 469–493.
Khatibi, R., & Saberi, M. (2020). Bio-climatic classification of Iran by multivariate statistical methods. SN Applied Sciences, 2 (10), 1–30.
Krüger, E. L., & Laroca, C. (2010). Thermal performance evaluation of a low-cost housing prototype made with plywood panels in Southern Brazil. Applied Energy, 87 (2), 661–672.
Liang, S., Li, B., Tian, X., Cheng, Y., Liao, C., Zhang, J., & Liu, D. (2021). Determining optimal parameter ranges of warm supply air for stratum ventilation using Pareto-based MOPSO and cluster analysis. Journal of Building Engineering, 37, 102-145.
Madadizadeh, F., & Sefidkar, R. (2021). Ranking and Clustering Iranian Provinces Based on COVID-19 Spread: K-Means Cluster Analysis. Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development, 6 (1), 1184-1195.
Milne, M., & Givoni, B. (1979). Architectural design based on climate. In W. Donald (Ed.), Energy conservation through building design, (96–113). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Morillón-Gálvez, D., Saldaña-Flores, R., & Tejeda-Martínez, A. (2004). Human bioclimatic atlas for Mexico. Solar Energy, 76 (6), 781–792.
Nguyen, A.-T., Tran, Q.-B., Tran, D.-Q., & Reiter, S. (2011). An investigation on climate responsive design strategies of vernacular housing in Vietnam. Building and Environment, 46 (10), 2088–2106.
Ofetotse, E. L., Essah, E. A., & Yao, R. (2021). Evaluating the determinants of household electricity consumption using cluster analysis. Journal of Building Engineering, 43, 102487.
Pajek, L, Tekavec, J., Drešček, U., Lisec, A., & Košir, M. (2019). Bioclimatic potential of European locations: {GIS} supported study of proposed passive building design strategies. {IOP} Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 296, 12008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/296/1/012008.
Pajek, L., & Košir, M. (2017). Can building energy performance be predicted by a bioclimatic potential analysis? Case study of the Alpine-Adriatic region. Energy and Buildings, 139, 160–173.
Pourvahidi, P., & Ozdeniz, M. B. (2013). Bioclimatic analysis of Iranian climate for energy conservation in architecture. Scientific Research and Essays, 8 (1), 6–16.
Praene, J. P., Malet-Damour, B., Radanielina, M. H., Fontaine, L., & Riviere, G. (2019). GIS-based approach to identify climatic zoning: A hierarchical clustering on principal component analysis. Building and Environment, 164, 106330.
Roshan, G., Farrokhzad, M., & Attia, S. (2019). Climatic clustering analysis for novel atlas mapping and bioclimatic design recommendations. Indoor and Built Environment. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X19888572.
Roshan, G. R., Farrokhzad, M., & Attia, S. (2017). Defining thermal comfort boundaries for heating and cooling demand estimation in Iran’s urban settlements. Building and Environment, 121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.05.023
Roshan, G., Samakosh, J. M., & Orosa, J. A. (2016). The impacts of drying of Lake Urmia on changes of degree day index of the surrounding cities by meteorological modelling. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75 (20), 1387.
Shi, J., & Yang, L. (2020). A climate classification of China through k-nearest-neighbor and sparse subspace representation. Journal of Climate, 33 (1), 243–262.
Singh, M. K., Mahapatra, S., & Atreya, S. K. (2009). Bioclimatism and vernacular architecture of north-east India. Building and Environment, 44 (5), 878–888.
Sodha, M. S., Kaushik, S. C., & Nayak, J. K. (1981). Performance of trombe walls and roof pond systems. Applied Energy, 8 (3), 175–191.
Visitsak, S. (2007). An evaluation of the bioclimatic chart for choosing design strategies for a thermostatically-controlled residence in selected climates. PhD Thesis, Texas A&M University.
Visitsak, S., & Haberl, J. S. (2016). An analysis of design strategies for climate-controlled residences in selected climates. Proceedings of SimBuild, 1 (1), 257-269.
Wan, K. K. W., Li, D. H. W., Yang, L., & Lam, J. C. (2010). Climate classifications and building energy use implications in China. Energy and Buildings, 42 (9), 1463–1471.
Watson, D. (1993). The energy design handbook. Washington DC: American Institute of Architecture.
Yang, L., Lam, J. C., & Liu, J. (2005). Bioclimatic building designs for different climates in China. Architectural Science Review, 48 (2), 187–194.
Zain-Ahmed, A., Sayigh, A. A. M., Surendran, P. N., & Othman, M. Y. (1998). The bioclimatic design approach to low-energy buildings in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Renewable Energy, 15 (1–4), 437–440.
Zuhairy, A. A., & Sayigh, A. A. M. (1993). The development of the bioclimatic concept in building design. Renewable Energy, 3 (4–5), 521–533.
Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning
Volume 14, Issue 34
March 2022
Pages 45-69

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics