Designing a Network Corruption Study Framework in Metropolis Management

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Department of Public Administration, School of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Public Administration, School of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

3 Ph.D. Candidate in Decision Making and Public Policy, School of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

To date, widespread scientific research has been carried out that focuses on the definition of corruption, its dimensions and strategies to prevent and combat it. These studies can be classified in a range of micro-scale studies about administrator’s activities to complicated studies that focus on identifying and combating systemic corruption. This paper aims to, in the first step, clarify the network corruption and differentiate it from other forms of corruption and then, pursue network corruption in metropolis management. Accordingly, network corruption in metropolis management is defined as a network of independent and dependent actors in government, public, and private sectors and NGOs which are formed around a set of corrupted activities in several missions of metropolis management and it can be seen on different levels of urban policymaking, planning s well as implementing urban plans and projects. The key point in network corruption is the trade-off between members around corrupted activities that benefit all the members and damage the public interest. Also, this paper aims to resolve the lack of a base study framework in network corruption in process of policymaking of metropolis management by presenting a base framework on this subject as the main finding of this research. This research is a qualitative study and an integrated/critical literature review methodology is used to review related library resources and documents. Regarding the definition of corruption, there is no universal agreement. Despite the many definitions and contextual uses of corruption, the most used definition of corruption is the abuse of public resources and administrative authority for private gain, however, since this definition is mainly focused on the public sphere, Transparency International (TI) has redefined it as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. This new definition encompasses other sectors such as the private sector and NGOs. In this paper, the Karklins' definition of corruption is used which is defined as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain at the expense of the public good, although the latter is implicit in the notion of misuse, since the focus in this paper is on metropolis management and its missions, this thorough definition has been chosen. Also, in this paper, network corruption is pursued as a notion concept like Carvajal's research in which he classified the four steps to explain network corruption from creation to stabilization, including: 1. Setting of the corrupt nucleus 2. Expansion through a network of accomplices, 3. Exponential growth, and 4. Stabilization, however, we have also added 5. Termination to complete the circulation from birth to death of a network corruption. In addition to elaborating on the definition and process of creating and developing a network corruption, policymaking process in metropolis management is discussed in this paper. Several authors like Brouwer and Deleon (1983), Howlett and Ramesh (2020), Brewer, May and Wildavsky (1978), Anderson (1975), and Jenkins (1978) tried to explain this process, therefore public policy processes are consisted of: 1. Agenda-setting, 2.Policy formulation, 3. Implementation, 4. Evaluation and 5.Termination. In this research, these two theoretical frameworks have been combined to design a network corruption study framework in metropolis management. This framework can be applied in different fields and missions of metropolis management like architecture and urban planning, recycling management, and traffic and public transportation programs and projects. 

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

-  اسدی، ایرج، و زبردست، اسفندیار (1389). گونه‌شناسی مناطق شهر-بنیاد در مطالعات شهری و منطقه‌ای: با نظری بر واکاوی مفهوم مجموعه شهری در ایران. نشریه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی، 43، 17-30.
-  اسماعیل‌پور، نجما، هروی، زهرا، و حیدری، الهام (1398). بررسی علل وقوع تخلفات ساختمانی در شهرهای ایران با تأکید بر نقش شهرداری. نشریه مطالعات شهری، 31، 17-29.
-  سرخیلی، الناز، سالاری، محمد، و صفوی، مریم (1396). تحلیلی بر نقش تخلفات ساختمانی در ناکامی طرح‌های توسعه شهری کلان‌شهر تهران. نشریه باغ نظر، 51، 5-20.
-  صرافی، مظفر، و تورانیان، فضیلت (1383). مروری بر دیدگاه‌های نظری مدیریت کلان‌شهری. فصلنامه مدیریت شهری، 17، 6-17.
-  فاضلی، محمد (1388). مقدمه‌ای بر سنجش فساد. تهران: مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس شورای اسلامی. 
-  کاظمیان، غلامرضا، صالحی، اسماعیل، ایازی، سید محمدهادی، نوذرپور، علی، جاجرمی، حسین، سعیدی، نوید، و عبدالهی، مجید (1392). مدیریت شهری؛ جلد اول: مبانی و حوزه‌ها. تهران: انتشارات تیسا، اداره کل مطالعات اجتماعی و فرهنگی شهرداری تهران. 
-  محمدی، جمال، و میرزایی، سارا (1394). تبیین وضعیت و شناخت عوامل مؤثر بر تخلفات ساختمانی در کلان‌شهرهای ایران. فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی، 2، 197-214
-  معاونت پژوهش‌های اقتصادی مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس شورای اسلامی (1397). پیشگیری و مبارزه با فساد؛ فراتحلیل کیفی مطالعات فساد.تهران: مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس شورای اسلامی.
-  منوچهری، ایوب، عابدینی، اصغر، و حکمت‌نیا، حسن (1398). بررسی و تحلیل تخلفات ساختمانی و تبیین عوامل کلیدی تأثیرگذار بر آن. مطالعات ساختار و کارکرد شهری، ۱۸، 7-32.
-  مهدی‌زاده، جواد (1383). تحول در مفهوم نقش و ساختار کلان‌شهرها. فصلنامه مدیریت شهری، 17، 18-31.
-  مؤسسه آموزشی، مطالعاتی توسعه فراگیر آسیا (1392). تدوین و آزمون مدل سنجش سلامت اداری در شهرداری تهران. تهران: مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران.
-  موسی‌خانی، مرتضی (1394). بررسی تطبیقی الگوهای حکمرانی جهت مبارزه با فساد در شهرداری‌ها و استخراج شاخص‌های متناسب با الگوی پیشنهادی. تهران: مرکز مطالعات و برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران.
-  هاولت، مایکل، و رامش، ام (1380). مطالعه خط‌مشی عمومی (مترجمان: عباس منوریان و ابراهیم گلشن). تهران: سازمان مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی کشور، انتشارات مرکز آموزش مدیریت دولتی (نشر اصلی اثر 1998).
-  هوبرتس، لئو دبلیو (1394). رویکرد چندگانه به پژوهش‌های فساد: به سوی یک چارچوب چندسطحی جامع برای مطالعه و علت‌شناسی فساد، در خیالت دوگراف، پیتر واخنار و پتریک مارفیک (ویراستاران)، چشم‌اندازهای نظری فساد (مترجمان: هانیه هژبرالساداتی، داود حسینی هاشم‌زاده، جلیل یاری و محمد فاضلی). تهران: انتشارات آگاه (نشر اصلی اثر 2010).
 
-   Bardhan, P. (1997). Corruption and development: A Review of Issues. Journal of Economic Literature, 35, 1320-1346.
-   Carvajal, R. (1999). Large-Scale Corruption: Definition, Causes and Cures. Systemic Practice and Action research, 12 (4), 335-353.
-   Chakrabarty, B. K. (2001). Urban Management Concepts, Principles, Techniques and Education. Cities, 18 (5), 331–345.
-   Deysine, A. (1980). Political Corruption: a Review of the Literature. European Journal of Political Research, 8, 447-462.
-   Goudie, A., & Stasavage, D. (1998). A Framework for the Analysis of Corruption. Crime, Law and Social Change, 29, 113-159.
-   Graycar, A. (2015). Corruption: Classification and Analysis. Policy and Society, 34, 87-96.
-   Hellman, J., Jones, G., Kaufmann, D. (2000). Seize the State, Seize the Day: State Capture, Corruption, and Influence in Transition. Policy Research Working Paper., No. 2444. Washington, DC.: World Bank. 
-   Werner, J., & Wegrich, K. (2007). Theories of Policy Cycle, In Franck Fischer, Gerald J Miller and Mara S. Sideney (Eds.) Handbook of Public Policy Analysis Theory, Politics and Methods. New York: CRC Press.
-   Johnston, M. (1998). Fighting Systemic Corruption: Social Foundations for Institutional Reform, Corruption and development. The European Journal of Development Research, 10, 85-104. 
-   Karklins, R. (2002). Typology of Post-communist Corruption. Problems of Post-communist, 49(4), 22-32.
-   Klitgaard, R. (1991). Controlling Corruption. London: University of California Press.
-   Liu, Xizi (2016). A Literature Review on the Definition of Corruption and Factors Affecting the Risk of Corruption.Open Journal of Social Sciences, 4, 171-177
-   Persson, A., Rothstein, B., & Teorell, J. (2012). Why Anti-Corruption Reform Fail-Systemic Corruption as a Collective Action Problem. Governance: an International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions, 26 (3), 449-471.
-   Shieh, S. (2005). The Rise of Collective Corruption in China: the Xiamen Smuggling Case. Journal of Contemporary China, 14 (42), 67-91. 
-   Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1993). Corruption. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108 (3), 599-617. 
-   Snyder, H. (2019). Literature Review as a Research Methodology: an Overview and Guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339   
-   Van Dijk, M. (2006). Urban Management and Institutional Change. Rotterdam: Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies.
-   Wilson, J., & Damania, R. (2002). Corruption, Political Competition and Environmental Policy. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 49, 516-535.
-   Yu, K., Kang, S., & Rhodes, C. (2018). The Partial Organization of Networked Corruption. Business & Society, 59 (7), 1-33. 
-   Zhang, L. (2015). Government Anti-Corruption Strategies: a Cross-Cultural Perspective. London: CRC Press. 
Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning
Volume 13, Issue 30
March 2021
Pages 99-115

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics