بافت فرسوده، مدل کاربردی، روش مداخله، AHP، تهران، درکه

The history of five thousand years of human civilization (with only 292 years with no war) and the experiences
of the past two decades of our country shows that the enemies’ approach is based on strong air attack just in
the first month, and civilians bombarding begins if the spirit of national defense continues after two weeks.
So the buildings in the cities are damaged in different ways by the attacks that are often promoted as military
fault or other excuses. Bombardment and its resulting blast waves increase buildings damage and human
casualties. Furthermore, according to the contemporary architectural theorists, designing all spatial scales
in the artificial environment are considered in the realm of architecture knowledge. Due to the fact that the
resistance of a building against blast waves depends on the shape and form of the building and its roof,
number of windows and openings, strength and type of materials used in construction; in the design process it
is vital to determine the potential danger and the extent of this danger. Most importantly human safety should
be provided. Moreover, to achieve functional continuity after an explosion, architectural and structural factors
should be taken into account in the design process, and an optimum building plan should be put together.
Study and evaluation becomes important regarding building openings against consequences of the explosion.
Openings are the weakest part of the structure against blast waves and shrapnel and could play a role in
increasing or decreasing the effects of explosions on buildings, according to their position in the external layer
of the building. Thus, the purpose of this survey is to determine some indicators for evaluating the openings
of buildings against blast effects. In this regard, the various types of openings were identified for evaluating
them in terms of passive defense and using library resources. Then, by interviewing the experts in the field
of architecture, civil and passive defense all indicators for the openings were determined. Subsequently, the
questionnaires were distributed among 28 experts to obtain their opinions for the purpose of weighing the
influential indicators. Through the use of group decision-making method based on paired comparisons model,
the priorities and also necessity of each indicator and its weight were determined using a 9-point Likert scale.
In order to assess the reliability of the questionnaire, the Cronbach’s Alpha test can be used. The reliability
of the questionnaire was acceptable, as the Cronbach’s Alpha was equals to 0.786. By implementing this
method, it was concluded that the ratio of opening area to wall area is the most important factor among other
effective indicators followed by skylight method. Based on the results, the effect of these two factors is more
than fifty percent in the design of openings compatible with passive defense architecture. It is also important
to note that the shape and the type of selected openings should not be in contrast to the building functions.