Analysis of intervention experiences in military heritage based on the criteria of ICOMOS and ICOFORT; Case studies: 25 international experiences

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD Candidate, Department of Architectural and Urban Conservation, Faculty of Conservation & Restoration, Iran University of Art, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Architectural and Urban Conservation, Faculty of Conservation & Restoration, Iran University of Art, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

One of the emerging branches of architectural and urban heritage is "Military Heritage," which has recently gained recognition in the conservation literature. Its official acceptance is attributed to the establishment of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Fortifications and Military Heritage, or ICOFORT, by ICOMOS in 2005. Subsequently, there arose a need to focus on this kind of cultural heritage, develop conservation strategies, and acknowledge the tangible and intangible values linked to different forms of military heritage, ranging from ancient forms to contemporary ones. This qualitative research aims at "assessing practices regarding conservation interventions in military heritage in accordance with predefined criteria" and adopts a comprehensive view based on the interpretive paradigm to answer its two main questions, as follows: First Question: What are the recognizable approaches for conservation intervention in military heritage in global experiences? Second Question: How well do these approaches comply with the criteria considered in the upstream documents of ICOFORT and ICOMOS regarding military heritage conservation? To reply to its first question, the following research seeks criteria for conservation interventions in military heritage through content analysis of the “Draft ICOFORT Charter on Fortifications and Related Heritage; Guidelines for Protection, Conservation and Interpretation” and “ICOMOS Guidelines on Fortifications and Military Heritage,” the two related documents regarding military heritage conservation, to evaluate the methods of military heritage conservation in the selected case studies. To find an answer to the second question of this research, after selecting and introducing 26 international experiences in the conservation of military heritage, the research that has been done on these case studies is reanalyzed using the meta-analysis method. In this step, in addition to the categorization and explanation of general approaches to conservation interventions in military heritage in these examples, some case approaches that have been considered in one or more specific experiences are extracted. Afterwards, the compliance quality of the extracted criteria with the approaches to military heritage conservation in these global experiences is assessed. Research findings indicate that the general approaches for military heritage conservation in these international experiences are related to the scale of these structures and focus on particular criteria, while others have been somewhat neglected.Specific approaches in every single experience can also be taken into account. To achieve the desired comprehensive approach that considers all aspects and conservation criteria while respecting the unique characteristics of each military heritage structure, it is necessary to extract tangible and intangible values of a military heritage structure with a holistic approach, by an interdisciplinary team of appropriately qualified professionals with specific knowledge and experience in similar fortifications and military heritage. This process is considered the initial systematic step in conservation interventions. The choice between conservation techniques should be weighed on a case-by-case basis, and preference given to those that are least invasive and most compatible with heritage values, considering safety and durability requirements based on the "ICOMOS Charter of Principles for the Analysis, Conservation, and Structural Restoration of Architectural Heritage."

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References

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Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning
Volume 17, Issue 47
July 2025
Pages 88-128

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