دانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-1299112320190823Parametric Building Performance Simulation in the Early Architectural Design Stage: Mid-Rise Apartment in Hot and Dry Climateشبیهسازی پارامتریک کارایی ساختمان در مراحل اولیه طراحی: ساختمان مسکونی میانمرتبه در اقلیم گرم و خشک52871210.30480/aup.2019.712FAاحسانعرب انواریکارشناسی ارشد معماری و انرژی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر، استان تهران، شهرریمافیاضدانشیار گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر، استان تهران، شهر تهران0000-0002-0758-4171Journal Article20170524<span class="EnglishAbstract"><span lang="EN-GB">Ceaseless increase of energy demand in building sector has become a challenge for designers, which is often combines with some goals like indoor air quality, environmental impact, and building costs. To support designers, building performance simulation is a common technique in development-design stages, however, its implementation in early stages is limited, even though early decisions have higher impact upon final performance and costs of buildings. Architects have to design more energy-efficient buildings due to the requirements of energy efficiency regulations in various countries. There are several simulation tools, which may help designers during the design process, to estimate the thermal performance of the building under consideration. However, architects are reluctant to use these tools for several reasons: they are not user-friendly, need detailed information about the specifications of the building elements, which are not known at the initial phase of the architectural design; building simulation models are time-consuming and the interpretation of the simulation results is difficult for architects. In this paper, we present a method for energy efficiency optimization that can be applied in the initial architectural design process. This method will help architects to select the optimized floor plan regarding the functional, thermal and lighting parameters in the preliminary stage of building design. Here we implement sensitivity analysis and simulation-based optimization in order to optimize the thermal comfort, energy and daylight performance of residential buildings in Tehran. These objective functions were simulated using EnergyPlus and Radiance software programs for individual residential building configurations that were generated by parametric modeling techniques. Two thousand simulations for one hundred building floor plans were performed to create a comprehensive dataset covering full ranges of design parameters. The floor plans were created using an algorithm developed by Eugenio Rodrigues. The algorithm generates floor plans regarding the adjacency and dimensions of the rooms, location, and size of door and window, together with the entrance location. The main distinction of this study compared to the similar researches is including floor plan design as one of the parameters of optimization in the hot-dry climate of Tehran. A residential unit, which is situated on the middle floor of a mid-rise apartment, was selected as the base model. The present study considered building floor plan, building construction materials, glass type, insulation thickness, floor height, WWRs for kitchen, bedroom and living room and color of the floor finishing, walls, and ceiling as design variables to achieve the optimize Energy Use Intensity (EUI), useful daylight illumination, and occupants’ adaptive comfort. A simulation-optimization tool that couples a multi-objective genetic algorithm to a whole-building performance simulation engine was applied in order to find the optimal set of design variables, and finally, the results of the energy and daylight simulations were implemented into a set of regression and simple sensitive analysis equation to predict the most effective variable in each objective. Sensitivity analysis showed that the type of floor planning is most effective parameter for all objectives except that external wall material is an effective parameter for EUI, and occupant comfort and WWR are effective for daylight quality.</span></span><span lang="FA">بحران نفت دهه هفتاد میلادی سرآغاز حرکتی بود با هدف کاهش مصرف انرژی که در بخش ساختمان تحولاتی را در مراحل طراحی و ساخت در پی داشت. در این زمینه بهینه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">سازی کارایی سامانه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های ساختمان در مراحل اولیه طراحی روشی است که می</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">تواند منجر به بازدهی بالا در ساختمان شود در حالی که هزینه اندکی به همراه خواهد داشت. معمار در هنگام طراحی یک ساختمان انرژی</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">کارا نیازمند شناسایی عوامل و شاخص</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های مؤثر است تا با تعیین آنها بتواند به هدف خود در صرفه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">جویی انرژی در ساختمان دست یابد. بنابراین اولین قدم تعیین این عوامل و مؤلفه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ها است و قدم بعدی تعیین توابع هدف برای بهینه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">یابی. لذا برای شناسایی مؤلفه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ها و اهداف، از مرور ادبیات و برای پیاده</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">سازی روند بهینه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">یابی از الگوریتم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های تکاملی استفاده شد. به این منظور یک ساختمان مسکونی به عنوان نمونه موردی که در اقلیم گرم و خشک تهران قرار دارد بررسی شد. طی این پژوهش با استفاده از الگوریتم ژنتیک چندهدفه، ۱۲ مؤلفه با سه تابع هدف شدت مصرف انرژی، آسایش محیط داخل و روشنایی نور روز بهینه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">یابی شدند. در کنار تعیین حالات بهینه مؤلفه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ها، با تحلیل حساسیت مشخص شد که مصالح دیوار خارجی مؤثرترین مؤلفه در شدت مصرف انرژی و آسایش محیط داخل و نوع شیشه پنجره مؤثرترین عامل در روشنایی نور روز است.</span><br /> <span lang="FA"> </span>دانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-1299112320190823Evaluation of Glare Indices in Educational Buildings in Hot and Dry Climate of Iranارزیابی شاخصههای خیرگی در ساختمانهای آموزشی اقلیم گرم و خشک ایران295071310.30480/aup.2019.713FAمحبوبهپوراحمدیدانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، استان تهران، شهر تهرانمحمدعلیخانمحمدیدانشیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، استان تهران، شهر تهرانفرهنگمظفردانشیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، استان تهران، شهر تهرانJournal Article20181216It is generally well-known and understood that daylight and view help to create healthy, comfortable, and productive work environments for building occupants. Human can obtain many benefits associated with daylight and view, which are one of the most important reasons to provide sufficient amount of daylight and view in buildings. The perceived value of views through daylight openings such as windows has persisted throughout time. Windows have great perceived and observable commercial value in buildings. Nevertheless, providing daylight and view in buildings should be done in a way that is acceptable to the occupants, so that a balance between energy savings and thermal/visual comfort can be achieved. There is still risk of having low level of comfort perceived by the occupants, particularly in the form of discomfort glare, which can significantly reduce energy savings. Discomfort glare occurs when the eyes have adjusted to a certain general level of brightness, and some annoying, distracting, or blinding light appears within the visual field. Glare can be described in one of three main ways: according to the process that created the glare, according to an individual's perceived degree of glare intensity, and according to the results of the glare. Although the topic of discomfort glare is an important issue in daylight buildings; however, a consensus on the glare indices and their criteria is hard to achieve, since any measured objective values must show a significant correlation with perception of the space occupants. Applicability of the criteria for each glare indices is yet to be determined, considering various demographic and cultural differences and preferences. Many researches are done in laboratory conditions or controlled environments and have not been repeated in field studies. Glare is a subjective phenomenon and many factors can affect its perception. Occupant-based factors can influence individuals’ glare perception. There is little consensus between different studies in varied space types and climates. This research aims to determine the appropriate criteria for discomfort glare in Iran, using high dynamic range (HDR) imaging technique and post-occupancy evaluation. The objectives are to find correlations between various physical variables and glare indices and to obtain the comfort criteria for day-lighting glare in Iran. This paper provides recommendations to determine discomfort glare in daylight space based on high dynamic range image and questionnaire in Iran and compares five different glare indices. Many existing glare indices including DGP (Daylight Glare Probability), DGI (Daylight Glare Index), UGR (Unified Glare Rating), VCP (Visual Comfort Probability), and CGI (CIE Glare Index) focus on evaluating perceived degree of glare intensity. For assessing these indices, a questionnaire was developed and by reviewing the HDR results and the questionnaire, it was determined which criteria is more applicable under different circumstances. It is found that DGP yields the most plausible results. UGR has the highest rate for assessing perceptible glare, DGI has acceptable accuracy for assessing imperceptible glare and the best performance of CGI is in intolerable glare scenes. VCP has the least degree of accuracy in each stage. Thus, VCP is not suitable for use in calculations of daylight glare.<span lang="FA">خیرگی ناراحت</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">کننده یک مسئله بسیار مهم در ساختمان</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های استفاده کننده از نور روز است؛ با این حال، توافق بر روی شاخصه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های خیرگی و معیارهای آنها دشوار است، از آن جایی که هر مقدار اندازه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">گیری شده باید همبستگی مشخصی را با درک ساکنین فضا داشته باشد. قابلیت اجرای معیارها برای هر شاخص خیرگی باید با توجه به ویژگی</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های جمعیت شناختی و تفاوت</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های فرهنگی و ترجیحات تعیین شود. هدف این پژوهش تعیین شاخصه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های مناسب برای ارزیابی خیرگی ناراحت</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">کننده در اقلیم گرم و خشک ایران با استفاده از تکنیک تصاویر با محدوده دینامیکی بالا </span><span dir="LTR">HDR</span><span><span lang="FA">و ارزیابی پس از سکونت است. ارزیابی در کلاس</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های آموزشی دانشگاه پیام نور مهریز با 50 شرکت</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">کننده انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد، </span><span dir="LTR">DGp </span><span><span lang="FA">قابل اعتمادترین شاخص برای صحنه</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های خیرگی غیرقابل درک، آزاردهنده و غیرقابل تحمل بود. </span><span dir="LTR">UGR</span><span><span lang="FA">در بین شاخصه</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های دیگر، بالاترین ضریب همبستگی را برای صحنه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های خیرگی قابل درک (0.34) داشت. </span><span dir="LTR">DGI</span><span><span lang="FA">در صحنه</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های خیرگی غیرقابل درک و غیرقابل تحمل دارای ضریب همبستگی قابل قبول بود و </span><span dir="LTR">CGI</span><span><span lang="FA">بیشترین ضریب همبستگی را در صحنه</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های خیرگی آزاردهنده (0.31) داشت. </span><span dir="LTR">VCp </span><span><span lang="FA">به دلیل ضریب واریاسیون بالا از محاسبات حذف شد. آنچه از نتایج به دست می</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">آید، این است که </span><span dir="LTR">DGp </span><span><span lang="FA">قابل اعتمادترین نتایج را در سطوح متفاوت خیرگی بر اساس ارزیابی ذهنی افراد در بین 5 شاخصه دیگر به دست می</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">دهد.</span>دانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-1299112320190823Analysis of Student Satisfaction from Physical Components of School with an Emphasis on Cooperative Learning
Case Study: Boys' Secondary Schools in Tabrizتحلیلی بر رضایتمندی دانشآموزان از مؤلفههای کالبدی مدرسه با تأکید بر یادگیری مشارکتی بررسی موردی: مدارس پسرانه دوره اول متوسطه تبریز517271410.30480/aup.2019.714FAفاطمهعباسزاده دیزدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد معماری، گروه معماری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، استان اردبیل، شهر اردبیلحجتاللهرشید کلویراستادیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، استان اردبیل، شهر اردبیلعلیرضایی شریفدانشیار گروه مشاوره، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، استان اردبیل، شهر اردبیلJournal Article20180925Anything that contributes to the formation of a person's personality is undoubtedly influenced by the environment in which he was brought up. In an educational system, there are many factors that work together to make learning and academic achievement possible for students. Educational space is one of the most influential factors in learning that affects the audience performance and is particularly important among other factors, such as teaching method. Research has shown that the physical environment of schools as a dynamic, viable and influential factor, plays a role in the quality of student education. Therefore, all elements of educational environment should be designed and implemented in order to increase learning skills according to the needs and behavior of the students. Students spend most of their time in school besides home. The physical and mental environment of the school can play an effective role in the process of education and formation of student’s social role. Cooperative learning is one of the approaches which, as an active teaching method, increases social interaction and effective learning. The purpose of the present research is to analyze student satisfaction with the physical school components with an emphasis on cooperative learning. The most fundamental questions in the present research include these two basic questions: What are the factors affecting the physical environment in order to increase student satisfaction in schools? And what principles should be used to design school space architecture to enhance learning? In this regard, first, the influential components in the educational environment are examined, then the degree of satisfaction with the current status of schools and students' desire for an environment that adapts to participatory learning has been analyzed. The research method is survey with an applied approach, and for analyzing the data, SPSS24 software has been used. The statistical population was selected from 4, 911 secondary school boys in Tabriz, which included 356 students using Cochran formula, and a questionnaire was distributed among students of four schools from 10 regions of the city, using clustering method. The analysis was based on students' dissatisfaction with the physical environment, and students requested architectural spaces based on learning and cooperative activity. The results showed that the average satisfaction level with the physical school environments is lower than the society average, and also the physical structure of the schools is not suitable for cooperative learning and is in an unfavorable situation. Finally, the results of the research suggest that creation of spaces with flexible and social geometry and furniture, attention to color, visual appeal, environmental comfort and green space is important for creating a suitable space for students. Therefore, it can be concluded that the elements that constitute the environment of schools are effective in the learning process and attention to the variables mentioned in the design is completely necessary. Besides, if physical environment of the school has favorable conditions for participatory learning, the level of satisfaction and interest in learning will increase in students and education will be properly achieved.<span lang="FA">توجه به ویژگی</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های محیط کالبدی و تأثیر آن بر یادگیری در فضاهای آموزشی می</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">تواند به یادگیری بهتر دانش</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">آموزان و همچنین رضایت آنها از محیط کمک کند. ازاین</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">رو، در طراحی مدارس توجه به نیاز کاربران از اهمیت بسیار بالایی برخوردار است. هدف از تحقیق، تحلیل رضایتمندی دانش</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">آموزان از مؤلفه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های کالبدی مدرسه با تأکید بر یادگیری مشارکتی است. روش تحقیقِ پژوهش از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش، پیمایشی (زمینه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">یابی) است و برای تحلیل داده</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ها از نرم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">افزار</span><span lang="FA">24</span><span lang="FA">SPSS استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری آن شامل 4911 نفر دانش</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">آموز پسرِ مقطع متوسطه (دوره اول) در شهر تبریز است که نمونه شامل 356 نفر از طریق فرمول کوکران به دست آمد. پرسش</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">نامه بین دانش</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">آموزان چهار مدرسه که به</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">طور خوشه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ای از مناطق ده</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">گانه شهر انتخاب شدند، توزیع گردید. تحلیل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ها مبنی بر عدم رضایت دانش</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">آموزان از محیط کالبدی است و دانش</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">آموزان خواستار فضاهایی با معماری بر مبنای یادگیری و فعالیت مشارکتی بودند. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین وضعیت رضایت از محیط کالبدی مدارس پایین</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">تر از میانگین متوسط جامعه است و همچنین ساختار کالبدی مدارس برای یادگیری مشارکتی مناسب نبوده، در وضعیت نامطلوبی قرار دارد. درنهایت نتایج مستخرج از پژوهش حاکی از آن است که ایجاد فضاهایی با هندسه و مبلمان انعطاف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">پذیر و اجتماع</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">پذیر، توجه به رنگ، جذابیت بصری، آسایش محیطی و فضای سبز امری مهم در جهت ایجاد فضایی مطلوب و مناسب برای دانش</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">آموزان به</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">شمار می</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">رود.</span>دانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-1299112320190823Plan Quality
Concepts, Methods of Evalution and Conceptual Model for Quality of Urban Development (Master) Plans in Iranکیفیت طرح مفاهیم، روشهای ارزیابی و مدل مفهومی کیفیت طرحهای توسعه و عمران (جامع) در ایران739471510.30480/aup.2019.715FAمحمدمهدی قاجارخسرویدکتری شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر، استان تهران، شهر تهرانغلامرضاحقیقت نائینیدانشیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر، استان تهران، شهر تهرانJournal Article20171231The status and importance of the urban development plans and their evaluation through various methods is still an outstanding challenging issue in the academic and practical settings. Plan quality evaluation is known as an emerging methodology for assessing the quality of plans. It typically evaluate plans in relation to whether they contain certain desirable features, and aims to answer questions about the suitability of plans, applying methods and theories of planning, their strengths and weaknesses related to the ideal situation in different fields. During the past two decades, researchers have been able to formulate conceptual consensus based on the preliminary principles of plan quality. The purpose of this study is to introduce concepts and methods for plan quality evaluation describing an appropriate systematic conceptual model in order for quality evaluation of urban development plans in Iran, so that planners, while knowing the appropriate content of the plans, can try to carry out further research focused on specific topics and fields. It should be mentioned that the method used in this study is an explanatory overview. As the theoretical foundations, different methods and studies related to the subject have been comprehensively investigated and analyzed, consequently, the suitable "model and method" for evaluating the quality of urban development plans in Iran is clearly explained and adjusted to the whole country. In this research, six main stages for content analysis of the plans were clearly described including (1) determining the subject of evaluation, the level and scope of the research, explaining the conceptual model, identifying and determining the main features of the plan; (2) making a protocol composed of components, criteria and items (questions and items) related to each feature; (3) determining the method for scoring items in the protocol; (4) coding principles and methods; (5) checking the reliability of scores; and (6) interpreting, analyzing and comparing of plan quality scores. Additionally, due to the clarification of the concepts and theoretical framework and the literature review of the plan's quality, in order to explain the conceptual model of the comprehensive plans quality in Iran, the provisions of the definitions, requirements and methods of (rational) comprehensive planning, the description of contract services for the development plans (type 12), laws, guidelines, approvals and opinions of researchers, experts and critics of urban development plans, the results and content of studies on evaluation of plans in Iran were widely utilized. Finally, a conceptual model was designed with 10 main components (i.e., fact base, analysis and inference, preparation of plans, implementation, inter-organizational coordination, participation, presentation, monitoring and evaluation, planning methods, sustainable development). This conceptual model can be both a guide and a checklist for planners to improve the content of their plans and identify the strengths, weaknesses and shortcomings of them. Last but not least, this study motivates researchers to appropriately apply this conceptual model or counterpart models to their research topic for the purpose of initiating and extending studies on the quality of plans in Iran.<span lang="FA">جایگاه و اهمیت طرح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ها در برنامه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ریزی و ارزیابی آنها در جهات مختلف، موضوعی مورد توجه و قلمرویی چالش</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">برانگیز در محافل علمی و حرفه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ای است. یکی از رویکردهای مورد توجه ارزیابی طرح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ها،</span><span lang="FA">بررسی اکیفیت طرح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">هاب برای پاسخ گفتن به سؤالاتی درباره مطلوبیت آنها در ابعاد مختلف، کاربرد روش</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ها و نظریه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های برنامه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ریزی و عوامل مؤثر بر قوت و ضعف آنها نسبت به وضعیت آرمانی است. با این حال در ایران جنبه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های نظری و کاربردی موضوع به جامعه حرفه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ای معرفی و تحقیق کاملی در زمینه کیفیت طرح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های توسعه شهری انجام نشده است. لذا این مطالعه با هدف (1) معرفی مفاهیم و روش</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های ارزیابی کیفیت طرح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های توسعه شهری، و (2) طراحی و ارائه مدل مفهومی ارزیابی کیفیت طرح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های توسعه و عمران شهری (جامع) در ایران به انجام رسید. جهت دستیابی به اهداف فوق با بهره</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">گیری از رویکردهای پژوهشی مروری و تحلیلی، مبانی نظری، روش</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ها و مطالعات مختلف در خصوص موضوع، بررسی و امدل و روشب مناسب جهت ارزیابی کیفیت طرح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های توسعه و عمران (جامع) طراحی شد. براساس این مطالعه مدل مفهومی کیفیت طرح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های جامع در ایران می</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">تواند شامل مؤلفه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">(1) مبنای واقعی، (2) تحلیل و استنتاج، (3) طرح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ها و برنامه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ها، (4) اجرا، (5) هماهنگی سازمانی، (6) مشارکت، (7) سازمان</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">دهی و ارائه، (8) نظارت و ارزیابی، (9) روش برنامه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ریزی و (10) توسعه پایدار باشد.</span>دانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-1299112320190823Proposing a Policy Evaluation Framework: Application in Analyzing Population Concentration Organizing Policy in Tehranیشنهاد یک چهارچوب ارزشیابی سیاست عمومی: بهکارگیری در تحلیل سیاست سازماندهی تمرکز جمعیت در تهران9511071610.30480/aup.2019.716FAوحیدهابراهیمنیااستادیارگروه برنامهریزی شهری و منطقهای، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، استان تهران، شهر تهرانزهرهعبدی دانشپوراستاد گروه برنامهریزی شهری و منطقهای، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، استان تهران، شهر تهرانJournal Article20180307The request for systematic data on the performance of public and nonprofit programs continues to increase across the world. For meeting this demand, policy evaluation applies social sciences research methods, especially political sciences to find the impacts of policy interventions systematically in order to improve social welfare through policy adaptations. Program and policy evaluation is a valuable learning strategy for increasing knowledge about the basic logic of policies, and the policies activities under way as well as about the results of policies. It may include constant monitoring of a program as well as one-shot studies of policy processes or policy impacts. The used approaches are based on social science research methodologies and professional standards. In Tehran, the capital our country, some factors such as the concentration of decision-making and decision-taking activities, production and service activities, and also activities related to public welfare, and state-funded large-scale investments have led to the problems caused by these concentrations such as lack of urban services, different types of pollutions, social problems and the potential risks of natural disasters. In this situation, public policy- making mechanism from the 1960s has adopted the policy of organizing the concentration of population in Tehran and several decisions have been made in relation to this policy. The main question in this paper is how to propose a public policy evaluation framework and apply it to analyze the success and failure of the population concentration organizing policy in Tehran over a specific period of time. To answer the above questions, a three-stage process has been designed and applied; in the first stage, using the indexing method, which transforms the concept of policy evaluation into detectable elements, a policy evaluation framework/ design is proposed. An evaluation design identifies what questions will be answered by the evaluation, what data will be gathered, how the data will be analyzed to answer the questions, and how the subsequent information will be used. This paper is focusing on evaluating the conceptualization of the given policy. In the second stage, related decisions affecting the organization of concentration of population and activities in Tehran are reviewed by tracking the legal texts and planning documents, which indicates the elements of the policy of organizing the concentration of population in Tehran. These include both urban and regional planning and sectorial policies documents and texts. In the third stage these traced documents have been analyzed using the proposed policy evaluation framework and the results of the policy evaluation have been reported. The final result of this paper is that although the policy of organizing population and activities concentration in Tehran from 1960s until now has positive impacts in terms of its goals, it has some shortcomings in terms of its conceptualization including unintended side effects, taking unachievable goals, not being internally coherent and not being consistent with policies in other policy fields. <span lang="FA">شهر تهران به دلایلی چون تمرکز فعالیت</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های گوناگون در آن به کلان</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">شهری پرجمعیت با مشکلات ناشی از تمرکز شدید جمعیت تبدیل شده که هر مخاطرۀ طبیعی نیز پیامدهای غیرقابل کنترلی در آن دارد. در این وضعیت، سیاست</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">گذاری برای سازماندهی تمرکز جمعیت در شهر تهران از دهۀ 1340 شمسی در دستور کار سیاست</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">گذاری این شهر قرار گرفته است. پرسش اصلی در این مقاله این است که چگونه می</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">توان چهارچوبی </span><span lang="FA">برای ارزشیابی سیاست عمومی پیشنهاد نمود تا با به</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">کارگیری آن سیاست</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های سازماندهی تمرکز جمعیت در تهران را در طول یک دورۀ مشخص زمانی، تحلیل نمود. برای پاسخ دادن به این پرسش فرایندی سه مرحله</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ای پیموده می</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">شود: در مرحلۀ نخست با به</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">کارگیری روش شاخص</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">سازی، انگاشت ارزشیابی سیاست به عناصری قابل ردیابی تبدیل و چهارچوبی قابل سنجش برای آن پیشنهاد می</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">شود. در مرحلۀ دوم تصمیم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های مرتبط با سازماندهی تمرکز جمعیت و فعالیت در شهر تهران که پشتوانۀ حقوقی پیدا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">کرده</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">اند با ردیابی متون قانونی بازبینی می</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">شوند و در مرحلۀ سوم این تصمیم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ها با به</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">کارگیری چهارچوب پیشنهادی ارزشیابی سیاست، موررد سنجش قرار می</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">گیرند. برونداد نهایی این است که سیاست سازماندهی تمرکز جمعیت در شهر تهران در فاصلۀ دهۀ 1340 تا 1390 اگرچه توانسته بر کاهش تمرکز جمعیت و فعالیت</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های تولیدی-خدماتی در این شهر اثرگذار باشد، اما از جنبۀ ایجاد اثرات جانبی ناخواسته، دستیابی به اهداف، انسجام درونی و سازگاری بیرونی دارای کاستی است.</span>دانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-1299112320190823Exploration of Physical Integration of Historical Bazaar in Iranian Cities
A Comparative Study of Historical Bazaars in Kerman and Shirazواکاوی انسجام کالبدی بازار تاریخی شهر ایرانی، مطالعه تطبیقی بازارهای تاریخی کرمان و شیراز11113071710.30480/aup.2019.717FAپانتهآحکیمیاناستادیار طراحی شهری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، استان تهران، شهر تهرانآزادهلکاستادیار طراحی شهری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، استان تهران، شهر تهرانJournal Article20180910Bazaar in historical Iranian city has a function as a living urban structure weaving the urban elements and residential neighborhoods while maintaining its own existence and integrity, and providing functional and cultural services to the city. Due to the impacts of physical, social and economic urban transformations, and despite its all unique characteristics, the historical bazaar in todays’ Iranian city has been neglected and uninhibited, losing its fundamental role as an integrated whole and functioning only as a historical monument of the urban form. This paper aims to deeply investigate the principles of physical integration of the historical bazaar through its physical characteristics and qualities. The research method is developed in two phases: (1) desk study was used to explore the basic and current literature of urban form related to physical integration and for the text analysis; qualitative content analysis was applied developing a conceptual framework; and (2) physical integration of two important historical bazaars of Iranian cities (Kerman and Shiraz) was investigated according to the proposed conceptual framework through updated maps and historical documents of two bazaars using observation technique. The results indicate that the physical integration of the historical bazaar has three dimensions as follow: (1) morphological integration comprising of element-whole inter-dependence, linkage of positive urban spaces, gradual growth through hierarchical organization, and permeability; (2) visual-aesthetic integration consists of visual qualities of Iranian architecture and urban form, and space heterogeneity; and (3) functional integration comprising of hierarchical movement systems, respecting the context and mixed uses and hybridity. The analysis of the physical integration in Kerman and Shiraz bazaars indicates that Kerman bazaar is in better situation in terms of morphological and visual-aesthetic integration than Shiraz bazaar. However the functional integration of two bazaars has vanished and their roles as an economic-social structure of the traditional city have been lost. Both Bazaars can’t afford to adapt new needs and lifestyle of the citizens, leading to downturn, abandonment, or even demolition of their buildings. Now, Kerman and Shiraz bazaars offer only few local goods and handicrafts, as well as being heritage buildings and structures that are historical-cultural tourist destinations, and function only as historical monuments of the urban form. As a result, the physical integration in Kerman historical bazaar has been maintained in some parts due to the preservation of morphological and aesthetic characteristics of bazaar and its elements, resulting in its perception as an integrated organism. Taking all into account, this research concludes that physical integration has multiple dimensions which should be maintained and preserved simultaneously through conservation and improvement of physical characteristics and qualities of the built environment in order to reach the physical integrity of the historical bazaar as a whole. The research findings have implications for urban regeneration programs and plans in the historical fabric of Iranian cities. The spatial-structural role of the historical bazaar should be stated in these programs and plans in the format of design guidelines and principles. <span lang="FA">بازار تاریخی شهر ایرانی امروزه در تحولات کالبدی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی شهری مورد غفلت و آسیب قرار گرفته و نقش خود را به مثابه یک کلیت منسجم کالبدی-اجتماعی از دست داده است. از این رو پژوهش حاضر تلاش دارد تا انسجام کالبدی بازار را از طریق شناسایی ویژگی</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های کالبدی آن مورد مطالعه و بررسی قرار دهد. روش پژوهش در گام اول مطالعه اسنادی متون نظری، تحلیل محتوای کیفی آنها و دستیابی به چارچوب مفهومی معطوف به انسجام کالبدی است. در گام دوم بر اساس آن، بررسی انسجام کالبدی دو بازار تاریخی کرمان و شیراز از طریق مطالعه و تحلیل نقشه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ها، اسناد و مشاهدات میدانی انجام شده است. یافته</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های پژوهش نشان می</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">دهد که انسجام کالبدی بازار تاریخی را می</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">توان در سه مؤلفه ریخت</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">شناختی، بصری-زیباشناختی و عملکردی تعریف کرد. بررسی انسجام کالبدی دو بازار کرمان و شیراز بیانگر این موضوع است که بازار کرمان در هر سه مؤلفه و زیرمؤلفه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های آن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">ها نسبت به بازار شیراز از وضعیت بهتری برخوردار است. به</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">طورکلی می</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">توان نتیجه گرفت که انسجام کالبدی ابعاد مختلفی دارد که حفظ و تقویت توأمان ویژگی</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های کالبدی دربرگیرنده مؤلفه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های آن برای دستیابی به انسجام بازار تاریخی شهر ضروری می</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">نماید. نتایج این پژوهش الزامات توجه به نقش این ساختار مهم در شهرهای ایران را برشمرده و قابل ترجمه به رهنمودهای طراحی در طرح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA">های تجدید حیات بافت تاریخی است.</span><br /> <span lang="FA"> </span>