دانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-12994820120408Interior Design of a Bedroom for Efficient Use of Daylightطراحی داخلی یک اتاق خواب نمونه، برای استفاده بهینه از نور طبیعی52215210.30480/aup.2012.152FAآیتمحمدی تبارکارشناس ارشد معماری داخلی، دانشگاه هنرریمافیاضاستادیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنرJournal Article20111130Of the total electrical energy consumed in Iran, 70% is allocated to lighting interior spaces of dwellings. Then a simple method to conserve electricity is using daylight for illumination, which mainly depends on window specifications and depth of room. It should be remembered that interior design of a room can also affect the amount of electrical energy consumed for illuminating interior spaces. Researches carried out so far on day lighting mainly concentrate on the dimensions and specifications of the openings. In this paper, the authors have studied the effect of the interior design in a bedroom in Kermanshah, including variations in furniture arrangements, materials of interior surfaces and their colours, and also window position on interior illuminance. This research is based upon the simulation. For this purpose, the Dialux software has been used, whose validity is studied in related researches, which show that the simulated quantities are very similar to that of the real ones. In this software, there are three different skies: sunny, semi-cloudy, and cloudy. For this simulation, sunny sky was chosen for Kermanshah. The calculated items of this research are as follows: the intensity of average, minimum, and maximum illumination of the room under study and the same amounts for the illumination of floor, ceiling, and walls for each month of the year with five days intervals, totaling 72 days, at 10:30. Concerning day lighting, 10:30 is a time when there is enough sky illuminance during the year in Kermanshah. The illuminance intensity on remaining days of the year is almost similar to the selected ones, and as a result, the simulation has not been carried out for the whole year. Additionally the same amounts of illuminance for solar equinoxes and solstices, from sunrise to sunset have been simulated. Four different materials for the floor have been applied. The number of chosen materials for the walls was six, and two for the ceiling. Different arrangements have been designed for the room under study. Actually the components of the furniture has been omitted one by one to show the effect of each one on the interior illuminance. Eight different colours – from light (yellow) to dark (brown) – have been compared for the interior surfaces, regarding the interior illuminance. Moreover, variations in the height of the ceiling and window sill have been studied. It has been found out that not only the colour of interior surfaces, but also the interior design of the room can change the amount of natural light inside. Decrease in ceiling height and increase in widow sill helped to increase the average illuminance of the room. It has been observed that the best position for window, in order to distribute light more uniform within the room, is in the center of the wall. The results showed that to increase the interior illuminance, walls, ceiling and floor should have materials with light colours and high reflectance factor. On the other hand, the arrangement of furniture must not obscure the light from windows. Less furniture around the windows and inside the room increases the amount of daylight entering the room significantly.<br /><br />در این مقاله تأثیر معماری داخلی بر میزان شدت روشنایی فضای معیّنی بررسی میشود. پیش از این همواره تأثیر محل و مشخصات پنجره بر میزان روشنایی داخلی در نظر گرفته شده بود، اما تأثیر معماری داخلی بر میزان روشنایی فضای داخل مورد بررسی قرار نگرفته بود. به این منظور برای یافتن مقادیر شدت روشنایی بهینه در یک اتاق خواب ساده، شدت روشنایی متوسط و نیز حداقل و حداکثر در آن برای 72 روز سال ـ از روزهای اول، پنجم، دهم، پانزدهم، بیستم، و بیست و پنجم هر ماه ـ در ساعت 10:30 صبح و در ساعتهای مختلف روزهای یکم فروردین، یکم تیر، یکم مهر و یکم دی شدت روشناِیی، کف، سقف و دیوارها به کمک نرمافزار محاسبه شد. در ادامه، تأثیر شرایطی مانند استفاده از مصالح مختلف برای جدارههای داخل اتاق، تغییر رنگ جدارهها، تغییر مبلمان داخلی، محل استقرار پنجره و نظایر اینها که بخشی از آن در اختیار طراح داخلی است، بر شدت روشنایی متوسط ـ و نیز حداقل و حداکثرـ اتاق مطالعه و بررسی شد. نتایج به دست آمده نشان میدهند که نه فقط محل استقرار پنجره در دیوار بلکه جنس و رنگ و مشخصات سطوح داخلی همراه با جایگزینی صحیح مبلمان داخل اتاق میتواند تأثیری عمده بر استفاده از نور طبیعی داشته باشد.
http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_152_73cb6d744edcac621a6e39ad20d4efb7.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-12994820120408A Survey on the Method, Procedures and Consequences of “Understanding Architectural Works”تحلیلی بر روش، مراتب و پیامدهای «فهم اثر معماری»233615310.30480/aup.2012.153FAنادیهایمانیاستادیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر تهران0000-0002-9329-1331محبوبهمؤمنی رنانیکارشناس ارشد معماری، دانشگاه هنرJournal Article20110712Considering the significance of understanding architectural works in terms of history, theory and architectural criticism, a great deal of researches have been dealing with the study of architectural works and expressing one’s understanding of that work. Although the study of issues such as “perceiving an architectural work” and seeking for the “standards and steps for understanding an architectural work” begins with analysis of the building, the fundamentals of these issues are deeply rooted in the theoretical bases of Architecture and so they inevitably belong to the realm of theory. In other words, the issue of “Understanding an Architectural Work at the time of perception” , on one hand is related to direct study of the work ()building)( itself, and on the other hand, it is linked with the richness of architectural thoughts that form the sources for quality and quantity of creating desirable places in the real world. Therefore, the knowledge on the aspects of “understanding an architectural work” and possessing “the principles and standards” for coming to an understanding of the architectural work plays a significant role in validity of quality of the visitor’s understanding of the architectural work, and lack of the principles and standards in coming to an understanding of the architectural work will cause the taste of an individual to influence the understanding and it will lead to the invalidity of the understanding of the visitor. But, how an architectural work is understood and what are its dimensions and aspects? This is the main question of this article and it deals with understanding the architectural work and its achievements. In response to this question, this article mainly deals with the steps of perception a work, i.e. “the building”, the approaches to realization, and theoretical bases of the issues proposed with regard to the problem of understanding an architectural work and its achievements in the field of architecture. The study of the modern paradigms on “understanding the architectural work” reveals that a major part of the discussions raised on this matter are rooted in philosophy, philosophy of art and linguistics and they have focused on understanding the literary works and the art works and then, they have been introduced into the field of architecture after a short delay. Hence, it is inevitable to step into the field of philosophy and philosophy of art from an epistemological aspect, while studying the issue of “understanding the architectural work”. So, this article starts with a review of the approaches to realization of a work in contemporary theories and paradigms, and later it will deals with the steps in understanding a work in the field of architecture. Then, the established standards for understanding a work and understanding an architectural work will be analyzed. Therefore, it will be possible to determine to what level of understanding the scholar will come through any one of these approaches. So, this article offers the different steps of visiting and understanding architectural works and their achievements, the significance of speaking with “the architectural work” in understanding it, the reason behind the necessity for questions and answers in perceiving the work and stepping beyond the structure of that work and pondering on the nature of the architectural work<br /><br />اهمیت بررسی آثار معماری از منظر تاریخ و نظریه و نقد معماری، بخش عمدهای از پژوهشها در این حوزه، به مطالعه اثر و بیان فهم حاصل از آن سوق داده است. اگر چه پرداختن به مقوله «مواجهه با اثر معماری» و جستار در «معیارها و مراتب فهم اثر معماری»، با بررسی خودِ بنا آغاز میشود، اما خاستگاههای آن در بنیانهای نظری معماری است و لاجرم در حوزه نظری قرار میگیرد. اثر معماری چگونه فهمیده میشود و فهم آن چه ابعادی دارد؟ این پرسش اصلی مقاله حاضر است، که مراتب فهم اثر معماری و دستاوردهای آن را در برمیگیرد. در پی پاسخ به این پرسش، مسیری که این مقاله میپردازد، اصولاً عبارت خواهد بود از: مراتب مواجهه با اثر یا همان «بنا»، بدون پرداختن به مصداقی خاص، با محوریت جستار در رویکردهای شناخت و بنیانهای نظری مقولههای مطرح در فهم اثر و پیامدهای آن در حوزه معماری. از اینرو مباحث با مطالعه رویکردهای شناخت اثر در نظریهها و پارادایمهای معاصر آغاز میشود و با بررسی مراتب فهم اثر در حوزه معماری ادامه مییابد. سپس به معیارهای مطرح در فهم اثر معماری اشاره میشود تا مشخص گردد که مبنای شناخت نظری چه نقشی در فهم مصداقهای معماری دارد و هر کدام از رویکردها میتواند مخاطب را به چه مرتبهای از فهم اثر برساند.
دانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-12994820120320The Trace of Decorative Designs of Guilan (Province) Native Rural Architecture on Amards’ Landرد پای نقش مایه های تزئیناتی معماری بومی روستایی گیلان در سرزمین آماردها375815410.30480/aup.2012.154FAمحمودطاووسیاستاد دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسمژگانخاکپوردانشجوی دکتری پژوهش هنر، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسمجتبیانصاریدانشیار دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسJournal Article20110611Because of the special climatic specifications of Guilan Province, Iran, no proper research has been done in relation to the works remained from the old world in the area and the ancient history of Guilan has not been recognized. Regarding the native architectural decorations in Guilan Villages There are many designs, which are somewhat distinct from those of the other regions of Iran and with study of the archeological works and detections in the area in relation to the age before Islam the trace of the mentioned designs in today’s architecture could be found. Continuation of these designs and the mental bases which caused continuation of designs application has been the focal point of this article. The article has been written on the basis of historical and descriptive researches with documented and field studies. A contrastive comparison has been made in it, among the existing decorations from the thirteen thousand objects registered in the Museum of Rasht City ()center of the province)( and some objects have been exposed to sight at Ancient Iran Museum, the major part of which belongs to Amards’ Civilization on one hand, and architectural decorations of Guilan Province traditional rural buildings on the other hand, on the basis of field sampling method. The article is started with a short view to the history of Guilan Province since ancient times. Then the archeological detections of objects, in which some designs were used for decoration, have carefully been investigated. The artistic aspects of the creative worksand their decoration has been mentioned as well as a contrastive comparison between the former and today’s decorative designs is the main body of current article. Finally mental ideologies creating those artistic works and the factors effective on continuation of using the similar designs have been investigated. Conclusion is that the decorative designs come from the nature, and the majority of the village farmer socials used abstractive and geometrical designs. This abstractive art includes a female nature as well as the decorated rural constructions of Guilan does. The arts and the artists are united with a view to art creation thought and the native artists of Guilan province in spite of their efficiency in creation of nature-inclined art on the basis of the manner of thought in relation to final motivation have created abstractive and geometrical arts. The arts have been involved with the settlements of the ancient people of Guilan as well as the present rural architecture. The arts have been involved with the religious thoughts on the basis of supernatural views. In this way, the arts have also been configured to satisfy the spiritual needs, and the existence of the unique thoughts in time duration converged to the similar arts. Consequently, the continuation of the decorative designs from the pre-history era up to now, and application of the similarity of symbolic designs illustrate the artistic thoughts of the people of this land.<br /><br />خصوصیات اقلیمی گیلان موجب شده است که تحقیقات چندان شایستهای در مورد آثار برجای مانده از دنیای کهن در این منطقه صورت نپذیرد و گیلان به لحاظ شناسایی تاریخ کهن آن مهجور واقع گردد. اما با نگاهی به تزئینات معماری بومی در روستاهای گیلان میتوان نقشمایههایی را مشاهده کرد که تا حدودی متمایز از دیگر نقاط ایران است. با بررسی کشفیات باستانشناسی پیش از اسلام در منطقه نیز ردپایی از این نقوش را در معماری امروز میتوان یافت. استمرار این نقشمایهها و بنمایة فکریای که موجب تداوم بهکارگیری این نقوش بودهاند، شالوده این مقاله را تشکیل میدهد. مقاله بر پایة تحقیقات تاریخی و توصیفی و با مطالعات اسنادی و میدانی انجام پذیرفته است. در این مقاله، مقایسهای تطبیقی بین تزئینات موجود از میان سیزدههزار شیء ثبتشده در موزة شهر رشت، برخی از اشیای در معرض نمایش در موزة ایران باستان ـ که بخش اعظمی از آنها متعلق به تمدن آماردهاست از یک سو و تزئینات معماری بناهای سنتی روستایی گیلان بر اساس برداشتهای میدانی از سوی دیگر، صورت گرفته است. نوشتار با نگاهی کوتاه به تاریخ گیلان از زمانهای کهن آغاز شده است و سپس کشفیات باستانشناسی اشیایی که در آنها طرحهایی به منظور تزئین بهکار گرفته شده است، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. اهمیت تزئین و پرداختن به جنبههای هنری خلق اثر، از مباحثی است که در حد مقاله به آن توجه شده است و مقایسة تطبیقی نقشمایههای تزئینی امروز با گذشته، محور اصلی این نوشتار است. در پایان، نحلههای فکری مولّد این آثار هنری و عوامل این تداوم در بهکارگیری طرحهای همسان، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. حاصل سخن آنکه هنرمند بومی گیلان، بهرغم توانایی در ظهور هنر طبیعتگرا، بر اساس نحوة اندیشه درباب انگیزة غایی، دست به خلق هنر انتزاعی و هندسی زده است و این استمرار نحلههای فکری، هنرهایی همسان را در طول تاریخ به وجود آورده است. <br /> <br /> http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_154_c25f7ff32a1fa42ec342ba9b96a46dfa.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-12994820120320Recognition Place; the Sample Rasht Shahrdari (city hall) Squareبازشناسی مکان (مطالعه موردی: میدان شهرداری رشت)597415510.30480/aup.2012.155FAمصطفیکیانیاستادیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنرمصطفیپورعلیدانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم تحقیقاتJournal Article20111130This article is adapted from an attempt to identify “place” has been achieved based on qualitative research through three physical components, functional and semantic. In this research semantic components of events, memory, myth and tradition and common mental energies of skeletal, ambushed the prospect of natural and artificial, And the function of performances and activities occurred in the place, stressed that due to control generally element of time what is the result and point out to only part of a dynamic and uncertain place. In order to further clarify the issue, an important element of urban indicators defined in the field, with a true “Rasht city hall” has been investigated the citizens of this city’s life has been intertwined with that willingly or no. And physical disturbances, functional disorders and disruptions in the semantic component in space have been presented in this city hall square. From past to now the developments can be divided in to three sections:<br />A: The squares with geometric, regular and spatial plan that there is an interaction among square and monumental building in around the square with visual effects (example: Naqsh-e-Jahan square in Esfahan).<br />B: The squares where is formed in the middle of a main street. In this field there is a sense of semi-square. This type show the square space has retreated from street. This is a contemporary feature in some cities ()example: 15 Khordad square in Tehran)(.<br />C: The late contemporary square as a circle street where a place for traffic. In this square the presence of people is lower and cars are more at all of cities)(.<br />The Shahrdari square in Rasht is a contemporary square when had constructed in Pahlavi I period and during these years has considered in fields of type of “A” and “B” too, but now, has considered actually in type of “C” shape and structure of square in urban areas of Iran and during the historical period has changed to real evolution. These changes in relation to nature of function and performance or depending on the circumstances of place and time had been variated and indicate that the square had been human-centered identity in the past. In addition, in the contemporary period, the function and plasticity was affected to other needs and necessities. Rasht Shahrdari square is a historic square. Today, this square is symbol and central core of Rasht city. Shahrdari square and its rectangular shape have special emphasis in the direction because of municipality building establishment in line with the long axis of the rectangle. This square also having semantic adequate capacity, physical and functional unfortunately, because the policies generally limit vehicle traffic, the square has a facilitator and the body’s relationship with its surrounding context, every day more inharmonious sound plays from yesterday. Unlike its old meaning of this field, people are warned of their presence within. Writing ahead is searching of answers to the following three questions:<br />1-Why do we need to recognize places?<br />2- In this recognition, what components should look like?<br />3-This applies to components in a single location (city hall Rasht) what we offer to cognition?<br />This article mentions the both functional component and meaning component had been associated because of municipality building as an important memorial in Shahrdari square. In final this article mention to many conclusion points and such that any program or physical planning without knowing the quality of location can damage to functional facilities and meaning context. So it cause to denial of participation of citizens in the field of square and even the death of memories.<br /><br />در آغاز میتوان پرسشهایی از این دست را مطرح ساخت: چرا بازشناسی مکانها ضروری است؟ در این بازشناسی به چه مؤلفههایی میبایست پرداخت؟ این مؤلفهها در مکانی مصداقی، چه شناختی را میتوانند به دست دهند؟ این نوشتار تلاشی دارد برای شناخت «مکان» که بر پایه تحقیقی کیفی، از طریق سه مؤلفه کالبدی و کارکردی و معنایی به دست آمده است. در این تحقیق مؤلفه معنایی حاصل رویدادها، خاطرهها، افسانهها و روایتهای ذهنی مشترک است؛ مؤلفه کالبدی همانا برآیندِ چشمانداز طبیعی و مصنوع است؛ و حوزه کارکردی نیز از عملکردها و فعالیتهای انجامشده در مکان نتیجه میشود. البته باید بر این نکته تأکید کرد به دلیل تسلط عنصر زمان، عموماً آنچه که به دست میآید، فقط به بخشی از هویت پویا و مبهم مکان اشاره میکند. به منظور تبیین بیشتر موضوع، شناخت شاخصهای تعیینشده در یکی از عناصر مهم شهری یعنی میدان، با مصداق «میدانِ شهرداری رشت»، که زندگی جاری شهروندان این شهر ـ خواسته یا ناخواسته ـ با آن عجین شده، مورد تحقیق قرار گرفته است. افزون بر آن، آشفتگیهای کالبدی، نابسامانیهای کارکردی و اختلالات ایجادشده در مؤلفه معنایی مکان در این میدان شهری تبیین گردیده است. میدان شهرداری رشت میدانی تاریخی است که در عین دارا بودن ظرفیتهای مناسب معنایی و کالبدی و کارکردی، متأسفانه به دلیل سیاستهای اعمالشده، معمولاً در حد فلکة تسهیلکننده ترافیک خودرو عمل میکند. کالبد پیرامونی آن نیز بیارتباط با بستر و زمینهاش، هر روز نوایی ناموزونتر از پیش ساز میکند. این میدان، برخلاف معنای دیرین آن، مردمان را از حضور در آن برحذر میدارد. این نوشتار در جستوجوی یافتن پاسخ برای این سه پرسش است: چرا به بازشناسی مکان نیاز است؟ 2- در این بازشناسی به چه مؤلفههایی میبایست پرداخت؟ 3- این مؤلفهها در مکانی مصداقی ـ مانند میدان شهرداری رشت ـ چه شناختی را به دست میدهند؟
http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_155_e4e1a4373ee6ced41e71112781c0331f.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-12994820120320Conceptual Model and Analytical Framework of Functional – Spatial Structure of Historical Context Revitalization Emphasize on Urban Tourism, Case Study: Tehran Central Zoneمدل مفهومی و چارچوب تحلیلی ساختار فضایی ـ عملکردی باززنده سازی بافت های تاریخی، با تکیه بر گردشگری شهری (نمونه موردی: محدوده مرکزی تهران)759415610.30480/aup.2012.156FAشرارهعظیمیکارشناس ارشد برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای، دانشگاه هنرپروینپرتویدانشیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنرJournal Article20110824In today’s world, tourism industry is one of the major sources of income and is the main factors in cultural exchanges, and holds a special place as the world’s largest service industry. Tourism as large industries is a phenomenon that has high mobility in the economic, political, social, and environment. As far as many pundits consider the tourist as a unique opportunity for local and national economic. Urban tourism is excelled in variety of tourism which has the most customers; So that because special place of city, in many countries which success in this industry, city is the foundation of the tourism development. Urban tourism within the framework of a spatial sample has different versions, which is on the base of attractive place in a city, events and tourism motivations. As the central limit of cities fit the history and culture treasure of the society into themselves, they are very important to attract tourist. Historic- cultural spaces of cities are the living evidence of ancient traditions and styles of thought, art and architecture and urban style of their creators, and hence, they are attractive and interesting for people, and have an important role in attracting tourists and investment to the city. There for, economy of city’s historic center forms by industry and tourism activities. Considering interrelation between urban tourism and revitalization of historical context, exploitation of cultural and historical heritage, specially for tourism development and exhibitor societies, will have many profits in the fields of economy, society, culture and mold, as well, tourism development can have an important role to protect and revive of these places. Although, in the field of tourism, contrast between humanity and historical and cultural space of the city can have positive effects on tourism and historical context, but it can also imply considerable negative effects, specially for host society if there is not a strategic and complete program. With this general foreground, this article aim to study the positive and negative effects of tourism development on the historical context in different terms of economy, society and mold. And also through the global experiences in the field of revitalization of old city’s spaces and their standards and basics, we can identify functional - special components of historic context revitalization which are on the base of tourism development axis. This article is an analyzing - descriptive inquiry and consists many of documentary study and visual and place concept. Thus, after introducing the central limit of Tehran as case study, the main components of the city historical spaces of their revitalization will be analyzed in the SWOT matrix framework. The result of this analyze indicate that the factors such as exhaustion of context and valuable historical buildings, desertion of authentic population and appropriate activity according to the identify of that place, ineffective infrastructure, difficult movement of pedestrian and equestrian, commotion between spatial conformation and inappropriate mold construction, are the most important obstacle or defect for city of Tehran to be a cultural and tourism center.<br /><br />محدوده مرکزی شهرها که گنجینهای گرانبها از تاریخ و فرهنگ جامعه را در خود جای دادهاند، مقاصد مهمی در جذب گردشگر محسوب میشوند. باتوجه به رابطه متقابل میان توسعه گردشگری و باززندهسازی بافتهای تاریخی، بهرهبرداری از میراث فرهنگی و تاریخی دربردارندة منافع بسیاری در زمینههای اقتصادی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی و کالبدی برای جوامع عرضهکنندة آنهاست. این مقاله بر آن است تا ضمن بررسی آثار مثبت و منفی توسعه گردشگری بر بافتهای تاریخی در زمینههای اقتصادی و اجتماعی و کالبدی، و با استفاده از تجارب جهانی در امر باززندهسازی فضاهای شهری کهن و اصول و معیارهای مستخرج از جمعبندی آنها، به شناسایی مؤلفهها و عناصر فضاییـ عملکردی باززندهسازی بافتهای تاریخی، با محوریت توسعه گردشگری شهری بپردازد. نوشتار حاضر، پژوهشی تحلیلی ـ توصیفی و مبتنی بر مطالعات کتابخانهای و برداشتهای میدانی است. بدین منظور پس از معرفی محدوده مرکزی تهران به عنوان نمونه موردی، مؤلفههای اصلی باززندهسازی فضاهای تاریخی شهرها در قالب ماتریس سوات در محدوده مرکزی تهران مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. نتایج این تحلیل حاکی از آناند که عواملی چون فرسودگی بافت و بناهای ارزشمند، گریز جمعیت اصیل و رنگ باختن یا از بین رفتن فعالیتهای متناسب با هویت محدوده، زیرساختهای ناکارآمد، حرکت دشوار سواره و پیاده، اغتشاش سازمان فضایی، و ناخوانایی ساختار کالبدی از جمله موانع عمده محدوده مورد بحث، برای تبدیل شدن به مرکز فرهنگی و گردشگری تهران به شمار میآیند. <br /> <br /> http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_156_d3312d48ea70b8d54a5205fde711f2f3.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-12994820120320Spatial Assessment of Housing Quality in Sabzevar City, by Using Factor Analysis Method (FAM)سنجش فضایی کیفیت مسکن در شهر سبزوار، با استفاده از روش تحلیل عاملی9511015710.30480/aup.2012.157FAهادیرضایی رادکارشناس ارشد برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسمجتبیرفیعیاندانشیار دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسJournal Article20110531Housing as a key tool which acts as the foundation of urban planning and urban design, is a critical concern in planning. Dwelling is far beyond just housing units and it also includes surrounding area for flourishing the social behaviors. Increasing immigration from rural areas to the urban areas and forming slums and squatters, especially in developing countries, indicates the need for housing as well as planning. Therefore, responding to spatial assessment of housing quality is a necessity for urban planning and housing in a city. There is no acceptable conceptual framework for special assessment of housing quality in the literature and existing research. There is no unique methodology for defining the housing quality’s indicators and dimensions, too. For each study, Indicators are chosen based on the aim of research, the researcher subjective point of view, the study area, and the available data. However, this paper evaluates housing quality of Sabzevar city, one of the towns of Khorasan Province in Iran, according to available data by using Factor Analysis Method and compares the result with current urban fabric to see to what extent this method matches reality. In doing so, the quantitative and qualitative indices of housing are studied and 16 indices and criteria were selected. Five of them are quantitative and 11 ones are qualitative. First of all, index is extract from Quantitative and qualitative criterions by using SPSS software, and then they are assessed through factor analyzing. Outputs are raster maps for showing the spatial results. Status of each factor (that includes some variables) is defined and a GIS map is provided for each, after assessing the quality of housing by each factor in different part of the city, and overlaying them in GIS, housing quality of each parts of city is evaluated. At the same time urban fabric of this city is studied and the results indicated high correspondence between housing quality and urban fabric in Sabzevar. Regression indicates Correlation coefficients of 77% between the housing quality and variety of urban fabric in this city. Finally a Calibration of urban fabric type relevant to housing quality is provided. Housing quality in south ()old district)(, east and south-east squatter settlement)( and north-east rural-urban areas)( of Sabzevar are lower than other parts of the city. Therefore, for future planning and housing of Sabzevar, those areas should be focal points for more attention and might need special considerations. Development in those areas should be based on accessibility to local resources and shortages. Providing and implementing renewal plans and, revitalization and regeneration ones for squatters and rural-urban areas in order to enhance the quality of housing and life style in Sabzevar might be one possible solution which could be considered by urban planners and authorities. Providing urban facilities such as accessibility to educational, recreational, and sport centers, and also open and green spaces could be considered beside the other plans.<br /><br />پرداختن به شاخصههای مسکن ـ به عنوان اصلیترین ابزار برنامهریزی ـ را میتوان از حساسترین مراحل برنامهریزی دانست. عرصه مسکن به منظور تأمین رشد اجتماعی، علاوه بر خود واحد مسکونی، محیط پیرامون آن را نیز در برمیگیرد. در مقاله حاضر سعی بر این است که به ارزیابی کیفیت مسکن در شهر سبزوار بر اساس آمار موجود پرداخته شود. به منظور این ارزیابی، در ابتدا شاخصهای کیفی و کمّی مسکن مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند و سپس از بین شاخصهای تأثیرگذار بر کیفیت مسکن بر اساس اطلاعات موجود، 16 شاخص تعیین شدند و به روش تحلیل عاملی (FA) و کم کردن تعداد متغیرها به چند عامل و تهیه نقشه به تفکیک هر عامل در محیط GIS، وضعیت هر عامل در نقاط مختلف شهر تعیین گردید. پس از بررسی کیفیت مسکن به تفکیک هر عامل، لایهها در محیط GIS بر رویهم قرار گرفتند و در نهایت کیفیت مسکن در نقاط مختلف شهر ارزیابی گردید. نتایج تحقیق حاکی از آن است که رابطة معناداری بین کیفیت مسکن و نوع بافت محلهها در شهر سبزوار وجود دارد. کیفیت مسکن در بخشهای جنوبی (بافت فرسوده)، بخشهای شرقی و جنوب شرقی (بافت غیررسمی) و بخشهای شمال شرقی (بافت روستا ـ شهری)، نازلتر از دیگر نقاط شهر است. با استفاده از رگرسیون، مشخص شد که بین کیفیت عرصة مسکن و انواع بافتهای موجود شهر به میزان 77 درصد ارتباط معنادار وجود دارد.
http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_157_36071a1ada0e96c6c7f4f7bc1ad9a08d.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-12994820120320An Analysis of Residents’ Satisfaction in the City of Yazd, Iranتحلیلی بر رضایتمندی سکونتی در شهر یزد11113015810.30480/aup.2012.158FAمحمدمهدیعزیزیاستاد دانشکده شهرسازی، دانشگاه تهرانمجتبیآراستهکارشناس ارشد برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20110903City of Yazd has experienced various forms of expansion and development in recent years. In general, various forms of urban expansion and development in the city of Yazd can be divided into three areas: the inner area ()central-historical zone)(, the middle area development occurred in the late Qajar and Pahlavi I and II eras)( and the peripheral area development in the last 40 years)(. These three areas generally include different physical-environmental characteristics that can form their own environmental quality. The purpose of this study is explaining the factors effecting on the living environment quality as well as the satisfaction of the residents. There for, the main factors that can affect the environmental quality have been, identified and the quality of residential environment has been evaluated in each area. The methodology of the study is based on Analytical – Exploratory method, using factors and cluster analysis technique. The research hypothesis stated as follows: “the quality of residential environment and satisfaction of residents in the inner city of Yazd are the worst among the other parts of the city, while they are better in the peripheral”. To achieve the factors affecting the quality of residential environment, 28 indicators have been defined. For evaluation and analyzing these indicators, first of all two neighborhoods were selected from each area for applying a multi-stage sampling technique and a simple random sampling method has been used too. Then a number of samples have been selected for the field research and interview, based on simple random sampling (proportional allocation) of the total households in each neighborhood. Dispersion of the selected samples covered the entire neighborhood area. Findings of the study showed that the indicators of the quality of residential environment and satisfaction could be divided into five factors, including (with the order of importance) “qualitative – quantitative potentials of living environment”, “easy movement and displacement”, “quality of public space”, “access to essential services” and “social – economical diversity of residents”. In fact, it could be said that the mentioned factors had important key roles in increasing satisfaction of the citizens of Yazd city. Cluster analysis of the data showed that ()among three areas of Yazd city- inner, middle and outer areas)(, the inner or central historical zone faced the lowest satisfaction of residents from environment quality point of view, and the middle zone faced the most satisfaction. Furthermore, the rate of outer zone of the city is between inner and middle section. Indeed, the conflict between current needs of residents and physical conditions of the historical zone is the main reason that satisfaction of the residents in this zone has been at the lowest level. While the middle zone of the city satisfies its residents because of the environment quality, through a rational and slow growth, adapting traditional criteria and efficient plan and design. Accessibility of the middle zone of the city to the existing services and facilities available in the CBD has been the most important factor in increasing people’s satisfaction, making it the best and most suitable area as a residential environment. However, the rate of resident’s satisfaction in the outer zone of the city has been less than the middle zone, because of its inaccessibility to the services.<br /><br />شهر یزد در جریان توسعه در سالهای اخیر، با فرمهای مختلفی از توسعه در نواحی مختلف مواجه شده است. به طور کلی، فرمهای مختلف توسعه شهری در شهر یزد را میتوان به سه بخش درونی و میانی و بیرونی تقسیم کرد. هدف از این تحقیق، شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر کیفیت محیط مسکونی در شهر یزد و ارزیابی کیفیت محیط مسکونی در هریک از سه نوع بافت مذکور است. روش تحقیق این پژوهش تحلیلی ـ اکتشافی، و بر اساس تکنیک تحلیل عاملی و خوشهای است. فرضیه تحقیق اینگونه بیان شده است: «فرض میشود کیفیت محیط مسکونی در بخش درونی شهر یزد نه چندان مناسب، ولی در بخش بیرونی مناسبتر از دیگر نواحی شهر یزد باشد». یافتههای تحقیق نشان میدهند که به دلیل ناسازگاری شرایط کالبدی بافت تاریخی با نیازهای امروزی، کیفیت محیط مسکونی این ناحیه در پایینترین حد به نسبتِ دیگر نواحی بوده است. رشد منطقی و بدون شتاب بخش میانی، با رعایت معیارهای سنتی طراحی و نزدیکی این بخش به بسیاری از خدمات موجود در مرکز شهر، آن را به بهترین و مطلوبترین محیط مسکونی بدل ساخته است. این در حالی است که در بخش بیرونی شهر، به دلیل پراکندهرویی و دوری مراکز خدمات از هم، رضایتمندی کمتری از محل سکونت وجود دارد.
http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_158_649d3cfdc7711dfba2f8de0c4c851e18.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-12994820120320Evaluation and Identification of Unsustainable Development of Informal Neighborhoods’ Actors
Case Study: The Informal Neighborhood of Shemiran_Nouارزیابی و شناسایی کنشگران توسعه ناپایدار محله های غیررسمی (نمونه موردی: محله غیررسمی شمیران نو)13114615910.30480/aup.2012.159FAغلامرضاکاظمیاناستادیار دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه علامه طباطباییوجه اللهقربانی زادهاستادیار دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه علامه طباطباییسعیدشفیعاکارشناسی ارشد مدیریت شهری دانشگاه علامه طباطباییJournal Article20110830Informal and not following established procedures constructions have been a part of non continuous survival and urban unsustainable life, during urbanization history and urban life. These neighborhoods have been the aggregation points of different social and community species and inferior social classes due to demand for low income housing. Demanded and accumulation points which have formed and caused unsustainable urban life of these neighborhoods and settlements. Development of these parts of neighborhoods in the cities have occurred in illegal and unlawful ways, so researchers are eager to find out the results and consequences of these kinds of complex changing in relationship with urban life. These human gatherings have caused immigration of other people to these places, and therefore finding different cultures in them is a norm. Divers life styles and conflicting capacities are results of these different ways of living, but Communities and social groups of these urban sectors are not negligible, because they are residents of cities and they have Civil rights. This paper is an ethnographic research report of Shemiran Nou informal Settlement, at 4th region of Tehran municipality. The observations and interviews have been used in this research method, and description of illegal constructor’s groups has been very important to recognize the informal neighborhood status. In this research it is accepted that the social groups of these settlements have the most important capacities for neighborhoods sustainability, so development of their abilities and powers is among the main objectives of the research which are achievable by finding the characteristics of these communities. It is clear that the social groups of these neighborhoods are active actors, so urban planners and managers need to know about their behavioral, social and economical positions. The objectives of this research are to indentify motivations, desires & impacts of social groups of illegal constructors. Therefore, successful access to each part of this community will be the best way for deep understanding. Because of that makes the trust and confidence was very important. The results illustrate at least three different kinds of social groups have and are constructing irregular constructions and buildings in this neighborhood: the first group is so called as the inevitable aboriginal people or poor primitive owners who are the oldest residents in this neighborhood. The second one known as immigrants that are immigrant absorber. These people have traveled to the mentioned settlement and tempt their ex-neighbors into immigrating to this informal settlement. The third one is identified as travelers group of profit seeker or users of the economic potentials of constructions and building activities. They travel and leave the neighborhood after their actions and don’t care about their customers and constructions. While each one of these actors could be regarded as important sources for neighborhood sustainability, achieving rehabilitation plans through utilizing hybrid and dynamic methods with directing the producer group capacities, motivations and demands, could be feasible. A comparison between the results this research and the social groups of informal settlements’ models shows that Shemiran Nou is a mixed community with different construction ways.<br /><br />ساختوسازهای غیررسمی، بخشی از حیات ناپایدار شهری در طول تاریخ شهرنشینی بودهاند. این محلهها بهواسطه تأمین تقاضای سرپناه اقشار کمدرآمد، محل تجمع گونههای مختلف اقشار و طبقات اجتماعی فرودست هستند. این درواقع تقاضا و تجمعی است که شاکله ناپایداری حیات شهری این محلهها را به وجود میآورد. این مقاله، به مردمنگاری سکونتگاه غیررسمی شمیراننو واقع در منطقه 4 شهرداری تهران میپردازد. هدف پژوهش، شناسایی انگیزهها، تمایلات و آثار گروههای سازنده غیرمجاز است. نتایج نشان میدهد که حداقل سه گروه اجتماعی متفاوت، دست به ساختوسازهای بیقاعده در محیط و فضای این محله میزنند: گروه یکم قدیمیهای ناچار است، گروه دوم مهاجران مهاجرپذیر و گروه سوم سودجویان مسافر. هریک از این کنشگران میتوانند منابعی بااهمیت برای پایداری محله باشند. مقایسه نتایج تحقیق با مدلهای معتبر نشان میدهد که محله مورد بررسی دارای گونههای متفاوت اجتماعی با وضعیت روانی و اجتماعی مختلف است. بنابراین دستیابی به اهداف برنامههای بهسازی و اصلاحی با استفاده از روشهای ترکیبی و پویا با هدایت ظرفیتها و انگیزهها و خواستههای گروههای سازنده مقدور خواهد شد.
http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_159_0771714864803e04247f4a45aff1cb3f.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-12994820120320Urban Design Documents in the Planning System in Iran and England: A Comparative Studyبررسی تطبیقی جایگاه اسناد طراحی شهری در نظام برنامه ریزی ایـران و انگلسـتان14716716010.30480/aup.2012.160FAاحمدبنکدارکارشناس ارشد برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای، دانشگاه هنر تهرانفریباقرائیاستادیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر تهرانناصربرک پوردانشیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر تهرانJournal Article20110410This research provides a comparative analysis of procedural aspects, types and statutory role of urban design documents in the planning system in Iran and England. It argues the fundamental institutional, structural and procedural similarities and differences between two countries, focusing on recent changes and trends.<br />In current planning system of Iran, in which development documents defined, there is no clear vision of proper function, procedure, implementation and formal status of urban design documents. The poor quality of much of the contemporary urban environment, and lack of concern for overall quality, are functions of the processes by which the environment is produced. In a similar vein, focusing on the product than the procedures of urban design, urban quality has drastically been degraded. Recent attempts in clarifying urban design role in planning system have positively contributed in design development processes, but have not faced with great success nonetheless. In 2009, two important acts approved by Shoray-e-A’li Memari va Shahrsazi ()high council in architecture and urban planning)( have underpinned the urban design recognition in the future.<br />Contrary to Iran, urban design documents have substantial weight in the form of supplementary planning documents [SPDs] in England and have taken a significant role in improving and enhancing the quality of life, through a full understanding of the conditions under which decisions are made and development is delivered. England Planning System provides the means to encourage good design and showed its commitment by placing greater emphasis on urban design in number of good practice guides, particularly planning policy statements []PPSs][, government’s national and overarching policies on different aspects of land use planning in delivery of sustainable development. Local planning authorities’ [LPAs] role in preparation of development plan documents DPDs][ and setting out design policies included in the plan are key elements of achieving design quality and proper design development processes.<br />The main approach in this study is based on descriptive methodology. Analysis of secondary data is also of crucial importance in preparation of theoretical framework. Universalizing and variation-finding comparative analysis methods are also used as key components in research strategy, a holistic and context-embracing approach to understand the present circumstances of planning system and urban development in both countries.<br />This research work concludes that functional fragmentation in agencies arrangements including executive, main legislative and agencies responsible for preparation of the urban design documents within the planning framework, ()resulting in lack of integrated policy-making with no appropriate cooperation, coordination and collaboration)(; lack of design policies in the development plan documents; negligence in role of public participation with a lack of cohesive monitoring and review program on prepared urban design documents; and failure in achieving dependency in government’s advisory agencies in order to policy-making, are the procedural challenges urban design documents in Iran are facing with. These influential factors are also identified as the key differences in institutional, structural and procedural features of urban design documents in the planning systems between two countries.<br /><br />هدف اصلی این پژوهش بازشـناسی جایگاه قانونی اسناد طراحی شهری و همچنین فرایند تهیه و انواع اسـناد در نظام برنامهریزی ایران و انگلستان است. در این مقاله تفاوتها و شباهتهای نهادی و ساختاری و رویهای میان جایگاه این اسناد در نظام برنامهریزی ایران و انگلستان بررسی و مقایسه میشود. این پژوهش در حیطه پژوهشهای کاربردی قرار میگیرد و با استفاده از چارچوب تحلیلی عمومیتگرایانه و کشف مغایرت و روش تحلیل دادههای ثانویه (اسنادی)، سعی دارد تا شباهتها و تفاوتها را میان نظام برنامهریزی ایران و انگلستان در زمینه جایگاه اسناد طراحی شهری مورد موشکافی قرار دهد. یافتهها نشان میدهند که تفرق عملکردی در ترتیبات نهادی - نهادهای قانونگذار و تهیهکننده و نیز نهادهای اجرایی در حوزه اختیارات و تصمیمسازی و تصمیمگیری، نبود هماهنگی و همیاری و همکاری بینبخشی در دستگاههای ذیربط، فقدان سیاستهای طراحی مشخص در برنامههای توسعه فرادست اسناد طراحی شهری، ضعف در حوزه مشارکت مردمی، عدم نظارت و بازنگری در اسناد تهیهشده و ضعف در نهادهای مطالعاتی و پژوهشی به لحاظ درجه استقلال و سیاستگذاری از مهمترین مشکلات رویهای پیشِ روی اسناد طراحی شهری در نظام برنامهریزی ایراناند. این مسائل و مشکلات درواقع اصلیترین تفاوتهای ساختاری و نهادی و رویهای جایگاه اسناد طراحی شهری میان دو نظام برنامهریزی در دو کشور به شمار میآیند.
http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_160_5228177ab95d07c1a5fae588063d9852.pdf