Iran University of ArtJournal of Architecture and Urban Planning2717-1299174420240922A study on the performance of photovoltaic Trombe wall in Mashhad residential buildingsA study on the performance of photovoltaic Trombe wall in Mashhad residential buildings521134710.30480/aup.2024.4501.1981FAHodaAsdaghiM. A. in Architecture and Energy, Department of Architectural Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Art, Tehran, IranRimaFayazProfessor, Department of Architectural Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Art, Tehran, IranJournal Article20221004Recently, new combinations of passive solar systems are introduced to enhance their performance. Trombe wall is one of the popular passive solar systems which has been studied in different forms and in combination with various materials. The aim of the current research is to investigate the Trombe photovoltaic wall in residential buildings in Mashhad. The study was carried out using energy simulation by Energy Plus software. The vents of the Trombe wall are open from eight in the morning to four in the afternoon and closed for the rest of the day. Brick and concrete Trombe walls with photovoltaic coating panels are studied in three different positions, with varying air gaps, and different vents over the whole of a year. The variables are simulated in an integrated way. First, two rooms with 20-centimeter-thick brick and concrete Trombe walls were considered. Then, the dimensions of the vents (18% of the Trombe wall surface and 3/20 of the Trombe wall height), air gap (0.1 meters) and with different photovoltaic coverages (two and four square meters) were attached on the mass wall. In the next stage, by keeping the size of the vents fixed (18% of the surface of the Trombe wall) and changing the air gap (0.05 meters) the simulation was performed. Subsequently, the performance of photovoltaic panels on the glass and in the air gap were simulated. The dimensions of the room have been selected according to the dimensions of a living room in a typical residential building in Mashhad. The results show that for a room with a volume of 120 cubic meters with brick and concrete Trombe wall and 18% vent area, an air gap of 0.05 meters, and a coverage area of four square meters of photovoltaic panels, the received heat, electricity production, and thermal comfort significantly increase. The amount of received heat and electricity production are 257652.3, 307963.6, and 1975482 kilojoules, respectively. In October, thermal comfort was rated as cold. The heat received by the concrete Trombe wall is more than that of the brick one. As the coverage of the photovoltaic panels on the Trombe wall increased, the received heat and the temperature of the room decreased. Conversely, the greater the surface of the vents, the more heat is received in the room and the temperature of the room increases. The temperature of the inner surface of the photovoltaic panels and the heat received due to internal convection increases from bottom to the top of the Trombe wall. Photovoltaic panels on the massive wall perform better than those on the glass or in the air gap in terms of received heat, thermal comfort and electricity production. Therefore, it is suggested that photovoltaic panels be positioned on the massive wall, outer glass, and blind slats, respectively during the cold period of the year, while it would be the opposite for the hot period of the year.Recently, new combinations of passive solar systems are introduced to enhance their performance. Trombe wall is one of the popular passive solar systems which has been studied in different forms and in combination with various materials. The aim of the current research is to investigate the Trombe photovoltaic wall in residential buildings in Mashhad. The study was carried out using energy simulation by Energy Plus software. The vents of the Trombe wall are open from eight in the morning to four in the afternoon and closed for the rest of the day. Brick and concrete Trombe walls with photovoltaic coating panels are studied in three different positions, with varying air gaps, and different vents over the whole of a year. The variables are simulated in an integrated way. First, two rooms with 20-centimeter-thick brick and concrete Trombe walls were considered. Then, the dimensions of the vents (18% of the Trombe wall surface and 3/20 of the Trombe wall height), air gap (0.1 meters) and with different photovoltaic coverages (two and four square meters) were attached on the mass wall. In the next stage, by keeping the size of the vents fixed (18% of the surface of the Trombe wall) and changing the air gap (0.05 meters) the simulation was performed. Subsequently, the performance of photovoltaic panels on the glass and in the air gap were simulated. The dimensions of the room have been selected according to the dimensions of a living room in a typical residential building in Mashhad. The results show that for a room with a volume of 120 cubic meters with brick and concrete Trombe wall and 18% vent area, an air gap of 0.05 meters, and a coverage area of four square meters of photovoltaic panels, the received heat, electricity production, and thermal comfort significantly increase. The amount of received heat and electricity production are 257652.3, 307963.6, and 1975482 kilojoules, respectively. In October, thermal comfort was rated as cold. The heat received by the concrete Trombe wall is more than that of the brick one. As the coverage of the photovoltaic panels on the Trombe wall increased, the received heat and the temperature of the room decreased. Conversely, the greater the surface of the vents, the more heat is received in the room and the temperature of the room increases. The temperature of the inner surface of the photovoltaic panels and the heat received due to internal convection increases from bottom to the top of the Trombe wall. Photovoltaic panels on the massive wall perform better than those on the glass or in the air gap in terms of received heat, thermal comfort and electricity production. Therefore, it is suggested that photovoltaic panels be positioned on the massive wall, outer glass, and blind slats, respectively during the cold period of the year, while it would be the opposite for the hot period of the year.https://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_1347_60db9b5fac46cf7aba82c02a6916af6d.pdfIran University of ArtJournal of Architecture and Urban Planning2717-1299174420240922Investigating the behavior of wind flow and Particulate Matter (PM2.5, PM10) around building block skins in the residential context of Asalouyeh detailed plaInvestigating the behavior of wind flow and Particulate Matter (PM2.5, PM10) around building block skins in the residential context of Asalouyeh detailed pla2343134410.30480/aup.2024.5175.2115FAMohsenMohammadiPh.D. Candidate, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, IranZahraGhiabaklouAssociate Professor, Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-3555-2169HamedMoztarzadehAssociate Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20240121Air pollution negatively affects people's health and the economies of countries. Air pollutants can be categorized into three groups: Particulate Matter (PM), Volatile Organic Compounds, and microorganisms. Particulate Matter is the most important air pollutant, especially in major cities worldwide. Particulate Matter is classified into three groups according to their size: large particles (with a diameter between 2.5-10 microns), fine particles (with a diameter between 0.1-2.5 microns), and ultrafine particles (with a diameter between 0.1 microns and less). The wind flow behavior is an important factor in determining the particle concentrations in urban spaces. On the other hand, the urban geometry affects the wind velocity and consequently the outdoor air quality. Therefore, the proper design of urban context can be beneficial in reducing the impact of air pollution. However, this influence is often overlooked in the guidelines. Outdoor air quality is monitored by measuring particle concentrations and atmospheric parameters and the effect of the context on the dispersion of pollutants is not taken into account. Additionally, there are only a few urban air quality monitoring locations. The concentration of some pollutants (including PM) is determined in these monitoring stations. Therefore, they do not provide sufficient and comprehensive data to control urban air pollution. The Computational fluid dynamics analysis can be used to evaluate the wind flow behavior and pollutant dispersion and as a result, predict the urban air quality. This research aimed to study the behavior of wind flow and PM around buildings at different heights, street canyons, and building sides in a part of the residential context of Asalouyeh City. Accordingly, it investigated the effect of wind flow behavior on particle dispersion as well as the effect of height, and street and building orientation on wind flow behavior and PM dispersion. A section of the residential context in a high-density area was selected as the case study. The wind velocity, pressure, turbulence, flow pathlines, PM velocity and concentration, and particle tracks were defined at ground level, at different heights, in streets aligned with the wind direction and perpendicular to it, and on the windward and leeward side faces using CFD simulation in Ansys-Fluent 2021. An area of 129276 square meters with a length of 378 meters was simulated as a wind tunnel. Findings showed that the buildings act as a windbreak and cause wind velocity to decrease significantly in the leeward side face. As the height increased, resulting in higher wind velocity and turbulence, the length of the wind shadow decreased in the leeward side face. At higher altitudes, as the wind joined the free stream, flow turbulence was reduced. Accumulation of massless particles was observed in the leeward side face in the wind shadow area. The highest and lowest PM concentrations were observed in the windwards and the wind shadow, respectively. Therefore, the PM concentrations follow the wind velocity. Findings can be useful in studying outdoor air quality, as well as evaluating thermal comfort and choosing materials according to wind loads in urban spaces.Air pollution negatively affects people's health and the economies of countries. Air pollutants can be categorized into three groups: Particulate Matter (PM), Volatile Organic Compounds, and microorganisms. Particulate Matter is the most important air pollutant, especially in major cities worldwide. Particulate Matter is classified into three groups according to their size: large particles (with a diameter between 2.5-10 microns), fine particles (with a diameter between 0.1-2.5 microns), and ultrafine particles (with a diameter between 0.1 microns and less). The wind flow behavior is an important factor in determining the particle concentrations in urban spaces. On the other hand, the urban geometry affects the wind velocity and consequently the outdoor air quality. Therefore, the proper design of urban context can be beneficial in reducing the impact of air pollution. However, this influence is often overlooked in the guidelines. Outdoor air quality is monitored by measuring particle concentrations and atmospheric parameters and the effect of the context on the dispersion of pollutants is not taken into account. Additionally, there are only a few urban air quality monitoring locations. The concentration of some pollutants (including PM) is determined in these monitoring stations. Therefore, they do not provide sufficient and comprehensive data to control urban air pollution. The Computational fluid dynamics analysis can be used to evaluate the wind flow behavior and pollutant dispersion and as a result, predict the urban air quality. This research aimed to study the behavior of wind flow and PM around buildings at different heights, street canyons, and building sides in a part of the residential context of Asalouyeh City. Accordingly, it investigated the effect of wind flow behavior on particle dispersion as well as the effect of height, and street and building orientation on wind flow behavior and PM dispersion. A section of the residential context in a high-density area was selected as the case study. The wind velocity, pressure, turbulence, flow pathlines, PM velocity and concentration, and particle tracks were defined at ground level, at different heights, in streets aligned with the wind direction and perpendicular to it, and on the windward and leeward side faces using CFD simulation in Ansys-Fluent 2021. An area of 129276 square meters with a length of 378 meters was simulated as a wind tunnel. Findings showed that the buildings act as a windbreak and cause wind velocity to decrease significantly in the leeward side face. As the height increased, resulting in higher wind velocity and turbulence, the length of the wind shadow decreased in the leeward side face. At higher altitudes, as the wind joined the free stream, flow turbulence was reduced. Accumulation of massless particles was observed in the leeward side face in the wind shadow area. The highest and lowest PM concentrations were observed in the windwards and the wind shadow, respectively. Therefore, the PM concentrations follow the wind velocity. Findings can be useful in studying outdoor air quality, as well as evaluating thermal comfort and choosing materials according to wind loads in urban spaces.https://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_1344_89318a4755c4446506ccd01d7c7a258a.pdfIran University of ArtJournal of Architecture and Urban Planning2717-1299174420240922Analysis of regional resilience components against seismic hazards; Case study: Tehran provinceAnalysis of regional resilience components against seismic hazards; Case study: Tehran province4574134810.30480/aup.2024.5089.2096FAEsfandiarZebardastProfessor, School of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranHadisKamariM.A. in Regional Panning, School of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20231110One of the needs of cities and regions in facing natural or man-made hazards is effective management of the crisis using the concept of resilience, which is a relatively new concept in urban and regional studies. Since cities become resilient when they are located in resilient areas, the concept of resilience should be expanded to the regional level and include a wider territory such as the region with multiple dimensions and components. Currently, few studies have been conducted regarding regional resilience against natural hazards, so the current research aims to investigate this concept at the regional level. One of the problems that Tehran province is facing is the risk of earthquakes. Considering the frequency and historical records of fault activity, Tehran province is expected to face a major earthquake in the future. The aim of the current research is to analyze the components of regional resilience against seismic hazards using Tehran province as a case study. In order to identify the features of resilient areas against seismic hazards, it is necessary to collect comprehensive indicators. Thus, the indicators are developed by considering comprehensive models in some theoretical and experimental studies in the form of a consolidated model (BRIC, DROP, CDRI, MDFR, UNISDR, PEOPLES, RIM). In this research, descriptive-analytical methods are used to explain and analyze resilience. The method of data collection is based on categorizing the indicators in two groups: objective (quantitative) and subjective (qualitative), using documentary and statistical studies as well as the field method (using electronic questionnaire tools). The statistical population is the residents of Tehran province, and the sample size is estimated to be 384 people in the entire province using Cochran's formula, and it is also estimated differently in each city. Subsequently, to reduce the indicators and find the components, the exploratory factor analysis method and SPSS software were used, and the indicators were reduced to 23 components. To explain regional resilience across Tehran province, the composite index was examined through the total score of the objective (social, economic, infrastructure, community and environmental resilience) and mental (institutional) dimensions and its spatial distribution in ArcGIS software. Finally, the relationship and impact of each of the components on the regional resilience of Tehran province was assessed through linear regression analysis (significance test with R^2 equal to 0.54) for mental components in SPSS software and through the calculation of average factor scores for objective components. The results indicate that half of Tehran province, including the cities of Tehran, Ray, Shahryar, Firouzkoh, Qods, Qarchak, Mallard and Varamin, have low resilience. In the event of an earthquake, especially in Tehran, the capital city, these areas are expected to demonstrate limited resilience, which lead to significant consequences. The findings also show that some components, such as the components of institutional preparation and performance, awareness and social understanding, have a significant relationship with regional resilience.One of the needs of cities and regions in facing natural or man-made hazards is effective management of the crisis using the concept of resilience, which is a relatively new concept in urban and regional studies. Since cities become resilient when they are located in resilient areas, the concept of resilience should be expanded to the regional level and include a wider territory such as the region with multiple dimensions and components. Currently, few studies have been conducted regarding regional resilience against natural hazards, so the current research aims to investigate this concept at the regional level. One of the problems that Tehran province is facing is the risk of earthquakes. Considering the frequency and historical records of fault activity, Tehran province is expected to face a major earthquake in the future. The aim of the current research is to analyze the components of regional resilience against seismic hazards using Tehran province as a case study. In order to identify the features of resilient areas against seismic hazards, it is necessary to collect comprehensive indicators. Thus, the indicators are developed by considering comprehensive models in some theoretical and experimental studies in the form of a consolidated model (BRIC, DROP, CDRI, MDFR, UNISDR, PEOPLES, RIM). In this research, descriptive-analytical methods are used to explain and analyze resilience. The method of data collection is based on categorizing the indicators in two groups: objective (quantitative) and subjective (qualitative), using documentary and statistical studies as well as the field method (using electronic questionnaire tools). The statistical population is the residents of Tehran province, and the sample size is estimated to be 384 people in the entire province using Cochran's formula, and it is also estimated differently in each city. Subsequently, to reduce the indicators and find the components, the exploratory factor analysis method and SPSS software were used, and the indicators were reduced to 23 components. To explain regional resilience across Tehran province, the composite index was examined through the total score of the objective (social, economic, infrastructure, community and environmental resilience) and mental (institutional) dimensions and its spatial distribution in ArcGIS software. Finally, the relationship and impact of each of the components on the regional resilience of Tehran province was assessed through linear regression analysis (significance test with R^2 equal to 0.54) for mental components in SPSS software and through the calculation of average factor scores for objective components. The results indicate that half of Tehran province, including the cities of Tehran, Ray, Shahryar, Firouzkoh, Qods, Qarchak, Mallard and Varamin, have low resilience. In the event of an earthquake, especially in Tehran, the capital city, these areas are expected to demonstrate limited resilience, which lead to significant consequences. The findings also show that some components, such as the components of institutional preparation and performance, awareness and social understanding, have a significant relationship with regional resilience.https://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_1348_0745c9900954192767de7c8a5eb5855e.pdfIran University of ArtJournal of Architecture and Urban Planning2717-1299174420240922Analysis of factors influencing urban nightlife using cross-impact analysis method; Case study of District 8 of ShirazAnalysis of factors influencing urban nightlife using cross-impact analysis method; Case study of District 8 of Shiraz7595134610.30480/aup.2024.5216.2122FAMohammad MehdiAziziProfessor, School of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMahsaGhanePh.D. Candidate, Department of Urban Planning, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, IranJournal Article20240219From past to present, the realization of nightlife has always faced a series of challenges, primarily revolving around issues of order and disorder, safety and insecurity. These challenges have made the establishment and flourishing of nightlife a complex task. This complexity is further exacerbated by future uncertainties, including the unpredictability of urban development and various environmental factors. The lack of a forward-looking perspective amplifies these challenges, making the planning and realization of nightlife even more difficult. Additionally, some studies have highlighted concerns regarding the challenges associated with nightlife, indicating that existing policies and regulations in many cities and countries are insufficient for the formation and development of nightlife. These policies often fail to provide the necessary infrastructure to address these challenges adequately. Moreover, no comprehensive study has yet covered all aspects of the feasibility of nightlife. Most studies have only identified the factors influencing nightlife and their impact. No research has delved into the nature of these factors and their role remains unclear. There is also a lack of studies focusing on the interrelationships between these factors. Furthermore, most research has concentrated on the current situation, analyzing only the existing indicators. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to identify and analyze the most significant factors influencing the feasibility of nightlife in Shiraz. This involves examining the extent and manner of these factors' impact on each other and on the future state of District 8 in Shiraz, utilizing the cross-impact analysis method. This study employs a cross-impact analysis method and involves a purposive sample of 15 urban planning experts. Through a comprehensive review of theoretical frameworks, 16 indicators were identified and categorized into four main dimensions: urban laws and regulations, land use diversity, access and public transportation, and urban facilities and infrastructure. The method utilized in this research is cross-impact analysis using the MICMAC software. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 15 urban planning experts, whose insights and expertise significantly contributed to shaping the study. Based on theoretical studies, 16 indicators were identified and classified using MICMAC software into four distinct categories: influencing, influenced, dual, and independent. This categorization is crucial for understanding the dynamics of each indicator and their roles in the realization of nightlife. The results of this study indicate that influencing indicators include advanced CCTV systems, 24-hour public transportation systems, prohibition and fines, and attention to the distance from public spaces; influenced indicators include modern lighting and police surveillance and control; independent indicators include access to parking and public restrooms; and dual indicators encompass night-time electricity supply, licensing laws, land use diversity, the revitalization of dilapidated buildings, night-time traffic control regulations, and urban furniture. Applying these findings can enhance nighttime activities and increase citizen presence, leading to a more vibrant nightlife. This improvement in safety and infrastructure will elevate residents' quality of life. Additionally, the region will become more attractive to investors and tourists, creating new economic and tourism opportunities. Overall, these changes can transform the area into a dynamic urban space.From past to present, the realization of nightlife has always faced a series of challenges, primarily revolving around issues of order and disorder, safety and insecurity. These challenges have made the establishment and flourishing of nightlife a complex task. This complexity is further exacerbated by future uncertainties, including the unpredictability of urban development and various environmental factors. The lack of a forward-looking perspective amplifies these challenges, making the planning and realization of nightlife even more difficult. Additionally, some studies have highlighted concerns regarding the challenges associated with nightlife, indicating that existing policies and regulations in many cities and countries are insufficient for the formation and development of nightlife. These policies often fail to provide the necessary infrastructure to address these challenges adequately. Moreover, no comprehensive study has yet covered all aspects of the feasibility of nightlife. Most studies have only identified the factors influencing nightlife and their impact. No research has delved into the nature of these factors and their role remains unclear. There is also a lack of studies focusing on the interrelationships between these factors. Furthermore, most research has concentrated on the current situation, analyzing only the existing indicators. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to identify and analyze the most significant factors influencing the feasibility of nightlife in Shiraz. This involves examining the extent and manner of these factors' impact on each other and on the future state of District 8 in Shiraz, utilizing the cross-impact analysis method. This study employs a cross-impact analysis method and involves a purposive sample of 15 urban planning experts. Through a comprehensive review of theoretical frameworks, 16 indicators were identified and categorized into four main dimensions: urban laws and regulations, land use diversity, access and public transportation, and urban facilities and infrastructure. The method utilized in this research is cross-impact analysis using the MICMAC software. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 15 urban planning experts, whose insights and expertise significantly contributed to shaping the study. Based on theoretical studies, 16 indicators were identified and classified using MICMAC software into four distinct categories: influencing, influenced, dual, and independent. This categorization is crucial for understanding the dynamics of each indicator and their roles in the realization of nightlife. The results of this study indicate that influencing indicators include advanced CCTV systems, 24-hour public transportation systems, prohibition and fines, and attention to the distance from public spaces; influenced indicators include modern lighting and police surveillance and control; independent indicators include access to parking and public restrooms; and dual indicators encompass night-time electricity supply, licensing laws, land use diversity, the revitalization of dilapidated buildings, night-time traffic control regulations, and urban furniture. Applying these findings can enhance nighttime activities and increase citizen presence, leading to a more vibrant nightlife. This improvement in safety and infrastructure will elevate residents' quality of life. Additionally, the region will become more attractive to investors and tourists, creating new economic and tourism opportunities. Overall, these changes can transform the area into a dynamic urban space.https://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_1346_08cf96e4204de1bedb7a588d54a7a6c8.pdfIran University of ArtJournal of Architecture and Urban Planning2717-1299174420240922Analysis of the ethical decision-making and decision-taking process of urban planners and managers based on the findings of the detailed plan review of District 22 of Tehran municipalityAnalysis of the ethical decision-making and decision-taking process of urban planners and managers based on the findings of the detailed plan review of District 22 of Tehran municipality97114131810.30480/aup.2024.5196.2118FAFatemehNasiri FarsiM.A. in Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Art, Tehran, IranHaniyehHoudsonyAssistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Art, Tehran, IranJournal Article20240205Urban development plans and their lack of desirability across different dimensions have always been the topic of discussion. The role of planners and managers as professionals responsible for preparing, directing, and implementing plans cannot be denied. On the other hand, the entry of new activists into the field of planning and the redistribution of power between them has an impact on the planning system. Relationships that have led to decision-making and decision-taking contrary to the framework of professional ethics and as a result of not achieving the expected results in urban programs, create many ethical challenges in different fields. Therefore, reminding urban planners and managers of the ethical issues inherent in the urban planning profession is always on the agenda, considering the direct and indirect impact of their decisions on public life. The starting point of the current research is the investigation of ethical codes in urban planning and management and their impact on urban development plans. Then, by focusing on the framework of professional ethics, the decision-making of planners and decision-taking of managers in the process of preparing and approving the detailed plan of the District 22 of Tehran municipality has been evaluated using both content and procedural approaches. Due to the specialized questions in the interviews, the statistical community under investigation includes specialists, experts, planners, and city managers who had enough information about the process of preparing and approving the detailed plan and in this regard, the snowball sampling method has been used. The interviews include a diverse range of individuals in the fields of urban planning and management, each presenting a different point of view according to their current position, in which contributes to a more comprehensive analysis. Qualitative data from 15 semi-structured interviews were classified using MaxQDA software and analyzed using comparative content analysis. The participants were challenged for their ethical thinking and decisions in the process of preparing and approving the detailed plan of the District 22 of Tehran. According to the findings of the research, no specific ethical guidelines have been mentioned in this process; however, planners and managers based on the understanding of institutional values in their profession, were committed to maintaining the principles of professional ethics. The influence of some powerful groups was a fundamental challenge from the beginning of the plan preparation, and significantly impacted the direction of the plan, contrary to ethical values. Managers' relations with each other and with political institutions resulted in a wider monopoly of decisions and the dominance of relation over moral decisions and the lack of coordination between managers and planners were clearly expressed by participants. The dominance of the central power over the urban management structure resulted in decisions that favored a particular group. Overall, the application of ethical issues in the process of planning the Detailed Plan of the District 22 was evaluated more favorably by the planners than by the managers, a difference that managers to the issue of executive considerations.Urban development plans and their lack of desirability across different dimensions have always been the topic of discussion. The role of planners and managers as professionals responsible for preparing, directing, and implementing plans cannot be denied. On the other hand, the entry of new activists into the field of planning and the redistribution of power between them has an impact on the planning system. Relationships that have led to decision-making and decision-taking contrary to the framework of professional ethics and as a result of not achieving the expected results in urban programs, create many ethical challenges in different fields. Therefore, reminding urban planners and managers of the ethical issues inherent in the urban planning profession is always on the agenda, considering the direct and indirect impact of their decisions on public life. The starting point of the current research is the investigation of ethical codes in urban planning and management and their impact on urban development plans. Then, by focusing on the framework of professional ethics, the decision-making of planners and decision-taking of managers in the process of preparing and approving the detailed plan of the District 22 of Tehran municipality has been evaluated using both content and procedural approaches. Due to the specialized questions in the interviews, the statistical community under investigation includes specialists, experts, planners, and city managers who had enough information about the process of preparing and approving the detailed plan and in this regard, the snowball sampling method has been used. The interviews include a diverse range of individuals in the fields of urban planning and management, each presenting a different point of view according to their current position, in which contributes to a more comprehensive analysis. Qualitative data from 15 semi-structured interviews were classified using MaxQDA software and analyzed using comparative content analysis. The participants were challenged for their ethical thinking and decisions in the process of preparing and approving the detailed plan of the District 22 of Tehran. According to the findings of the research, no specific ethical guidelines have been mentioned in this process; however, planners and managers based on the understanding of institutional values in their profession, were committed to maintaining the principles of professional ethics. The influence of some powerful groups was a fundamental challenge from the beginning of the plan preparation, and significantly impacted the direction of the plan, contrary to ethical values. Managers' relations with each other and with political institutions resulted in a wider monopoly of decisions and the dominance of relation over moral decisions and the lack of coordination between managers and planners were clearly expressed by participants. The dominance of the central power over the urban management structure resulted in decisions that favored a particular group. Overall, the application of ethical issues in the process of planning the Detailed Plan of the District 22 was evaluated more favorably by the planners than by the managers, a difference that managers to the issue of executive considerations.https://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_1318_0b778169aec1b95b50b334ceecf39913.pdfIran University of ArtJournal of Architecture and Urban Planning2717-1299174420240922Socio-spatial characteristics supportive of children's playful activities in public open spaces of affordable housing complexes; Case study: MASKAN-e-MEHR, SanandajSocio-spatial characteristics supportive of children's playful activities in public open spaces of affordable housing complexes; Case study: MASKAN-e-MEHR, Sanandaj115139134510.30480/aup.2024.5137.2103FABakhtiarBahramiAssistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning & Design, Faculty of Art & Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, IranMorvaridShayanM.A. in Urban Design, Faculty of Art & Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, IranKayoumarsIrandoostProfessor, Department of Urban Planning & Design, Faculty of Art & Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran0000-0001-5812-8574Journal Article20231212In residential areas, public open spaces offer various opportunities for children's desired activity. Examining children's activities at specific locations highlights the environmental affordances offered by the environment, informing potential interventions and future design considerations. To study children's play in a densely populated affordable housing complex, we used behavioral mapping to observe their activities in open areas over a year. We recorded 4,453 activities among children aged 2 to 18. These records captured place-centered data related to their age, gender, postures, and the individual/group mode of activity. By inputting this data into a Geographic Information System (GIS), we were able to produce place-oriented maps that highlighted where and how these activities occurred. Qualitative analysis of the GIS maps helped us gain a comprehensive understanding of the socio-spatial features that support playful activities. These features include spatial characteristics, temporal elements, and social dimensions. Additionally, we employed non-parametric statistical methods to analyze the qualitative data related to age, gender, and activity types. The study revealed that playful activities were the most common way children used the open spaces. These activities, however, are varied based on age and gender, and were also influenced by the spatial layout. Boys, particularly from the age of six onwards, were more prominent and unrestricted in their presence and activities within the open spaces compared to girls. This difference peaked during adolescence. The spatial layout of these areas played a significant role in shaping children's play. Areas closest to apartment buildings provided a safe and engaging environment for younger children (under six) and activities requiring adult supervision and socialization. These areas typically offered settings suitable for quieter activities. In contrast, boys over six often dominated areas further away from the buildings, engaging in active physical play. These areas typically had open centers suitable for running and games, often found near pedestrian areas, riding paths, and parking lots. Although the study identified some gender differences in play patterns across different zones, both areas near and far from apartment buildings offered important features that supported play. By providing both sociable edges suitable for quieter activities and open centers for active play, these features catered to a range of developmental needs. To encourage children’s safe exploration beyond their immediate surroundings, a two-zone design strategy is proposed. Zone 1, situated in close proximity to apartment blocks, would function as semi-private spaces designed to accommodate a variety of recreational, physical, and social activities for resident children. This zone would prioritize features that enable parental supervision while mitigating vehicular interference. Zone 2, encompassing public spaces further from the buildings, would cater to children's independent playfull activities. These zones would be interconnected through a network of pedestrian and cycling paths. Adult superviosion in these zones would create safe settings for all children to engage in playful activities, especially those who might feel less comfortable alone (younger kids and girls). This two-zone approach, with both supervision and connectivity, has the potential to make affordable housing complexes more inclusive and stimulating for children.In residential areas, public open spaces offer various opportunities for children's desired activity. Examining children's activities at specific locations highlights the environmental affordances offered by the environment, informing potential interventions and future design considerations. To study children's play in a densely populated affordable housing complex, we used behavioral mapping to observe their activities in open areas over a year. We recorded 4,453 activities among children aged 2 to 18. These records captured place-centered data related to their age, gender, postures, and the individual/group mode of activity. By inputting this data into a Geographic Information System (GIS), we were able to produce place-oriented maps that highlighted where and how these activities occurred. Qualitative analysis of the GIS maps helped us gain a comprehensive understanding of the socio-spatial features that support playful activities. These features include spatial characteristics, temporal elements, and social dimensions. Additionally, we employed non-parametric statistical methods to analyze the qualitative data related to age, gender, and activity types. The study revealed that playful activities were the most common way children used the open spaces. These activities, however, are varied based on age and gender, and were also influenced by the spatial layout. Boys, particularly from the age of six onwards, were more prominent and unrestricted in their presence and activities within the open spaces compared to girls. This difference peaked during adolescence. The spatial layout of these areas played a significant role in shaping children's play. Areas closest to apartment buildings provided a safe and engaging environment for younger children (under six) and activities requiring adult supervision and socialization. These areas typically offered settings suitable for quieter activities. In contrast, boys over six often dominated areas further away from the buildings, engaging in active physical play. These areas typically had open centers suitable for running and games, often found near pedestrian areas, riding paths, and parking lots. Although the study identified some gender differences in play patterns across different zones, both areas near and far from apartment buildings offered important features that supported play. By providing both sociable edges suitable for quieter activities and open centers for active play, these features catered to a range of developmental needs. To encourage children’s safe exploration beyond their immediate surroundings, a two-zone design strategy is proposed. Zone 1, situated in close proximity to apartment blocks, would function as semi-private spaces designed to accommodate a variety of recreational, physical, and social activities for resident children. This zone would prioritize features that enable parental supervision while mitigating vehicular interference. Zone 2, encompassing public spaces further from the buildings, would cater to children's independent playfull activities. These zones would be interconnected through a network of pedestrian and cycling paths. Adult superviosion in these zones would create safe settings for all children to engage in playful activities, especially those who might feel less comfortable alone (younger kids and girls). This two-zone approach, with both supervision and connectivity, has the potential to make affordable housing complexes more inclusive and stimulating for children.https://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_1345_0e365b4852ca1db1944962c4818df9a3.pdf