دانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-129971420150409ICT, Urban Regeneration and Creation of Local Identity
A Comparative Case Study of Preparation of Hackney for Olympics and Paralympics Games 2012 in London and Urban Regeneration Program in Kyotoفناوری اطلاعات، بازآفرینی شهری و هویتبخشی محلی (مطالعه تطبیقی آمادهسازی هکنی برای بازیهای المپیک و پاراالمپیک 2012 لندن و برنامه احیای شهری کیوتو)5248110.30480/aup.2015.81FAعباساحمد آخوندیاستادیار دانشکده مطالعات جهان، دانشگاه تهران.مه سیماسهرابیکارشناس ارشد مطالعات بریتانیا، دانشگاه تهرانفاطمهعظیم زاده موسویکارشناس ارشد مطالعات آمریکای شمالی، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20131009With the advent of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and its multidimensional utilization in different fields of culture, economy, politics and environment, new tenets of its exploitation has been argued and introduced. One of those newly adopted tendencies can be attributed to the new functions of ICT, cyberspace and internet in urban regeneration projects. In fact, nowadays ICT can be assumed as a kind of irrefutable and indispensable technological tool; significantly in urban regeneration projects. However, the recognition of the potential cultural and social aspects of ICT and the extent of its employment in urban regeneration programs by the governments and relevant organizations has become a controversial issue. In the other words, the appropriate application of technological tools in tandem with the creation of “Sense of Place” and rejuvenation of cultural identity and traditions; has become a problematic and debatable matter. In this regard, this survey delves into scrutinize the application of ICT, significantly internet, in urban regeneration projects by introducing a new categorization of adopted approaches towards cyberspace and internet, specifically in urban regeneration programs, that can be divided into: 1.Top-down approach (Governmental Approach) and 2.Bottom-up approach (Public Oriented Approach). It has been implemented and exerted within a comparative case study by selecting two representative cities from the western context and eastern one in order to examine the extent and salience of cultural background and so; its diffusion and assimilation in urban regeneration projects. To meet the targeted goal, this comparative study has been conducted between Hackney (London) and Kyoto (Japan), based on a top-down approach; to anatomize the role of ICT in the creation of local identity and its particular performance in urban regeneration programs. The main reason for choosing these cities can be attributed to the long cultural and historical history of Kyoto alongside its old and noteworthy traditions and conventions in comparison with the other urban areas of Japan. Moreover, Hackney, has been regarded as an important and noticeable area because of its high rank of multiculturalism and IMD (Index of Multiple Deprivation) that has made the area as a unique case for scrutiny and attention specifically, within preparatory programs for Olympics and Paralympics Games 2012. In fact, selecting these two urban areas can be useful for the interrogation and anatomization of policymakers’ attitudes and roles towards social and cultural aspects of urban regeneration programs as well as their concentration on cultural and conventional traditions and dimensions in those selected urban areas too. Ultimately, after analyzing the two aforementioned official Websites and e-documents released by Hackney Council and the Website of Kyoto, it was elaborated that the application of ICT in regards of creating the local and even global identity, in the implemented urban regeneration projects, had a high rank in Kyoto due to its robust cultural background; while in Hackney it had been confined just to the public informing. <br /> استفاده از فنآوریهای نوین اطلاعاتی و ارتباطی در ابعاد مختلف شهرسازی از جمله پروژههای بازآفرینی شهری موضوعی درخور توجه در سطح بینالمللی و ملی است. مسئلة حائز اهمیت در همین زمینه میزان شناخت دولتها و ارگانهای مرتبط از ظرفیتهای بالقوة فنآوریهای نوین ارتباطی و نحوة بهکارگیری آنها در پروژههای بازآفرینی شهری است. بر این اساس تحقیق حاضر بر اساس یک رویکرد بالا به پایین در یک مطالعة تطبیقی بین دو پروژة بازآفرینی شهری در لندن (هکنی) و ژاپن (کیوتو) به تحلیل نحوة بهکارگیری فنآوری اطلاعات در بازآفرینی این دو منطقه با تمرکز بر نقش فنآوری اطلاعات در پروژههای بازآفرینی شهری و ارتباط آن با هویت محلی از طریق مطالعه و مقایسة دو وبگاه شهری رسمی پرداخته است. پس از تحلیل اسناد و دادههای اطلاعاتی منتشره توسط دو وبگاه شهرداریهای فوق، مشخص شد که پسزمینههای فرهنگی هویتی هر کشور از جمله عوامل مؤثری است که میتواند زمینهساز کاربرد فنآوری اطلاعات در راستای هویتبخشی محلی در پروژههای بازآفرینی شهری باشد. در این میان، تمرکز عمدة برنامههای بازآفرینی شهری کیوتو بر مبنای مشارکت شهروندی و هویتسازی در سطح محلی و حتی بینالمللی بوده است، اما پروژة بازآفرینی شهری در هکنی از عناصر فرهنگی مؤثر در راستای هویتبخشی محلی به میزان کافی بهره نبرده است. <br /> http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_81_ede3890aac5cc5253ed5000ba7802814.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-129971420150409Analysis of effects of social capitals on participation to improve urban dilapidated areas
Case Study: Imamzadeh Hassan neighborhood, district 17, Tehranتحلیل سرمایه های اجتماعی مؤثر بر مشارکت در ارتقای بافت های نابسامان شهری (بررسی موردی: محله امامزاده حسن، منطقه 17 شهر تهران)25368210.30480/aup.2015.82FAفاطمهمحمدی آیدغمیشکارشناس ارشد برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایرانراضیهرضازادهدانشیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایرانمجتبیرفیعیاندانشیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسJournal Article20111002The physical comprehensive viewpoint on development has been the reason of failure of many urban plans in practice. One major reason can be related to lack of consideration and attention to existing capacities and potentials within communities. In this regard, dilapidated areas are usually considered with many problems and weaknesses, while they can include capacities that considering them might lead to acceleration of development. <br />Social capital as an important part of local capacity can be used by individuals and groups to facilitate their accessibility to local resources and would bring the possibility of taking better decisions for their welfare in addition to giving democratic validity to a community. The key concepts in social capital, includes participation in social networks, existence of common norms and creation of social trust. Social capital provides the possibility of achieving specific objectives which are inaccessible without it. This issue is critically important in improving dilapidated areas, since the residents would find themselves shareholders in the implementation of the project benefiting from its added value, which can result in improvement of their quality life. <br />The objective of this article is to investigate the rate and method of effectiveness of social capital indicators on participation tendency of local residents. In order to reach this goal, the indicators are extracted from domestic and international studies and are measured in Imamzadeh Hassan neighborhood located in district 17 of Tehran through survey and random sampling. The results of correlation analysis of social capital indicators and the tendency to participation in neighborhood indicates that indicators of belongingness (0.332), social participation (0.412), inter-personal trust (0.401), institutional trust (0.352) and social integration (0.335) are effective on participation tendency of residents, however the indicator of safety has no effect on this. Also, the results for path analysis of participation tendency and effective indicators of social capital indicates that the indicator of institutional trust (0.21) has direct and increasing effect on participation tendency and indicators of interpersonal trust (0.077), local belongingness (0.042) and social integration (0.018) had indirect increasing effect on participation tendency and the indicator of social participation has both direct (0.176) and indirect (0.041) increasing effect to participation tendency. <br />These results indicate that developing effective social capitals on participation, especially social participation and institutional trust as the most important factors, can be considered as a way to promote quality of urban dilapidated areas. Along this, organizing the local management system and providing the possibility of growth for NGOs is considered as an inevitable issue. Also, the productive foundations of social capital which are creating new identities based on citizen participation shall be recognized and they shall be used in favor of urban management. <br /> در این مقاله پس از تبیین مفهوم سرمایه اجتماعی و کارکردهای آن، به تحلیل رابطه شاخصهای سرمایه اجتماعی و تمایل به مشارکت سازمانیافته پرداخته میشود. شاخصهای مورد بررسی از مطالعات و تجربیات داخلی و جهانی استخراج گردیده و با روش پیمایش در محله امامزاده حسن مورد سنجش قرار گرفته است. تحلیل همبستگی شاخصهای سرمایه اجتماعی و تمایل به مشارکت سازمانیافته نشان میدهد که شاخصهای احساس تعلق (با ضریب 0.332)، مشارکت اجتماعی (با ضریب 0.412)، اعتماد بین افراد (با ضریب 0.401)، اعتماد نهادی (با ضریب 0.352) و انسجام اجتماعی (با ضریب 0.335) بر تمایل به مشارکت سازمانیافته ساکنان تأثیر دارد ولی شاخص امنیت بر آن تأثیری ندارد. نتایج تحلیل مسیر تمایل به مشارکت سازمانیافته و شاخصهای تأثیرگذار سرمایه اجتماعی بر آن نشان میدهد که شاخص اعتماد نهادی بر تمایل به مشارکت سازمانیافته تأثیر مستقیم و افزاینده دارد و شاخصهای اعتماد بین افراد، احساس تعلق و انسجام اجتماعی بهصورت غیرمستقیم بر آن تأثیر افزاینده دارند. شاخص مشارکت اجتماعی نیز هم بهصورت مستقیم و هم بهصورت غیرمستقیم بر تمایل به مشارکت سازمانیافته تأثیر افزاینده دارد. این نتایج نشان میدهد که ارتقای شاخصهای سرمایههای اجتماعی مؤثر بر مشارکت میتواند بهعنوان راهی جهت ارتقای بافتهای نابسامان در نظر گرفته شود. <br /> <br /> http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_82_26883c8839f7e019cdc63f75b8fad57a.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-129971420150409Analysis on relation of urban services accessibility and perceived tenure security in informal settlement; Case study: Koshtargah neighborhood in Urmiaتحلیلی بر رابطه میان دسترسی به خدمات شهری و میزان امنیت تصرف ادراکی در سکونتگاه های غیررسمی (بررسی موردی: محله کشتارگاه شهر ارومیه)41588310.30480/aup.2015.83FAمنوچهرطبیبیاناستاد گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه تهرانبهمناحمدیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20131207Tenure security is one of the primary rights of households that its lack leads to economic, social, psychological and political challenges. In recent years, special attention has been given to tenure in security in improving informal settlements, in such a way that in 2003 and 2006 this has been on the main research pivots on informal settlements in UN-HABITAT. Thus, tenure security has become a deprivation index in settlements. Tenure security is much more than simply examining legal title deeds, and now involves social, economic and life-quality indexes. In recent years, scientific and practical experience on tenure security index indicate that the expensive process of title deeds issuance has made the inhabitants reluctant to pursue the mentioned process due to their financial inability, and also because of powerful and influential forces in land market, land hoarding and speculation have come into existence. Indeed, de facto and supra legal and perceived indexes along with legal ones, hold sway on tenure security scale in informal settlements.These days, instead of enhancement of tenure settlement through legal procedures, the application of mediating tools like urban services has become prevalent. In the current research the effect of urban services accessibility on perceived tenure security of inhabitants in Koshtargah neighborhood is examined. Examining urban services accessibility scale, five explanatory indexes of perceived tenure security consist of concern about the informality of neighborhood, concerns about the municipality dissatisfaction with the from living in the neighborhood, fear of homelessness after evacuation, possibility of forced eviction at any moment and possibility of forced eviction in the next five year, and seven criteria, as well as fifteen sub criteria are utilized. Research method is descriptive – analytical, and survey, questionnaire, as well as ArcGIS techniques, fuzzy analysis and statistical methods such as Pearson correlation coefficient and regression are used. The results shows a positive, correct relation between urban services accessibility and perceived tenure security in Koshtargahand the more urban services are accessible, the perceived tenure security of Koshtargah inhabitants is stronger, in such a way that about 60 percent variance of perceived tenure security in this neighborhood is depend on urban services accessibility. According to the results, proposing that to formalize the informal settlements, provide the urban services as a mediating tool in these settlements to be considered and presentation legal property deed to be considered a long-term plan. improving the urban services in neighborhood residents of Koshtargah led to reducing fear than forced evacuation and as a result, increasing the residents' perception of security of tenure. Increased sense of security in tenure housing has led to increased confidence in the residents from residence that this led to the creation of investment in housing and providing to incentives for voluntary cooperation of residents is to improve neighborhood. Access to services could represent the beginning of a movement is to formal recognize the neighborhood and It's a sign of acceptance the area on urban management organization in Urmia. <br /> <br /> تجارب علمی و عملی در مورد رویکردهای ارتقای امنیت تصرف در سکونتگاههای غیررسمی در چند سال اخیر نشان داده است که فرآیند صدور و ارائه سند بهعلت ناتوانی مالی ساکنان منجر به عدم رغبت آنها برای کسب آن و بهعلت نیروهای قدرتمند و تأثیرگذار در بازار زمین، منجر به بورسبازی و احتکار زمین شده است. امروزه بهجای ارتقای امنیت تصرف از طریق فاکتورهای قانونی، استفاده از ابزارهای میانجیگر نظیر ارائه خدمات شهری مرسوم گشته است. در این تحقیق تأثیر دسترسی به خدمات شهری بر میزان امنیت تصرف ادراکی ساکنان محله کشتارگاه ارومیه مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. در پی بررسی این رابطه از 5 شاخص تبیینکنندة امنیت تصرف ادارکی و 7 معیار برای سنجش میزان دسترسی به خدمات شهری استفاده شده است. روش تحقیق در این مقاله از نوع توصیفی و تحلیلی بوده و در آن از روش پیمایش و ابزار پرسشنامه و از تکنیکهای تحلیل شبکه در محیط ArcGIS، تحلیل فازی و روشهای آماری ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان میدهد که با افزایش دسترسی به خدمات شهری میزان امنیت تصرف ادارکی ساکنان محله کشتارگاه ارومیه افزایش یافته است بدینصورت که حدود 60 درصد از واریانس امنیت تصرف ادارکی در این محله وابسته به دسترسی به خدمات شهری است. <br /> http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_83_dc5fb86be4d67ec85dcee5702011e73e.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-129971420150409An Investigation to the role of gender in Assessment of neighborhoods' security with Emphasis on CPTED Approach
(Case Study: Saboonpazkhaneh Neighborhood in South of Tehran)بررسی نقش جنسیت در ارزیابی امنیت فضای محلهای با تأکید بر رویکرد CPTED (بررسی موردی: بخش میانی محلة صابونپزخانه تهران)59788410.30480/aup.2015.84FAعبدالحمیدقنبراناستادیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجائیمسعودعلیمردانیاستادیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجائیمریممحمدیدکتری شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایرانفاطمهجمکارشناس ارشد طراحی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجائیJournal Article20130429Undoubtedly, developing secure environment and without offense is considered one of the criteria for personal satisfactory from local spaces. In the meantime, some of the urban textures, including blind textures due to lack of attention and loss of quality of their environment, and provide the basis for the occurrence of insecurity and crime.Due to the differences between men's and women's physical dimensions on the one hand and perceptual sensitivity characteristics on the other hand, the amount of attention to the security is quite different among them.In other words, security, space, gender, urban construction and environmental qualities that are meaningful.
Cause and effect relationship between crime occurrence and insecure in local spaces and designing inappropriate environment for them is of particular interest of this study. Object: so in this study which is based on CPTED approach- included approaches which emphasize on reducing crime through environmental designing- priorities of approach criteria mentioned in women's subjective sense of security compared with men is purposed. The CPTED theory is based on an idea that together with a correct designing and space suitable usage in addition to bring positive influence on life quality, to prevent from crime commitment. The CPTED position will be provided through five main indicators including; Territoriality, Surveillance, Access control, Image/ space management, Activity support. Every indicator for the CPTED holds some sub-indicators necessary for achieving to the designed location in order to be far away from crime. Method: current study method is of survey and solidarity type of modeling design of structural relations. Statistical population in this study is residents of central segment of Sabounpazkhaneh Neighborhood located in twelve region of Tehran. Samples were selected randomly and clustery to answer 31 questions related to residents view regarding effect rate of each index on Neighborhood security. It was used SPSS-20 software to analysis data. Formally and structurally investigating validity of studied tool showed that tool has appropriate validity. Also, reliability of this tool was obtained by Cronbach' alpha. Findings: showed that there is a significantly difference in effect rate and criteria prioritization between men and women. Women approved 5 criteria mentioned in CPTED approach and they prioritized Surveillance, Image/management, Access Control, Territorial Reinforcement and Activity support, respectively while men was addressed, Surveillance and Access Control, respectively. Conclusion: obtained results showed that each five criteria affected on increased sense of mental security for women and Surveillance criteria also lie on both group's priority.
Finally, research results were carried out in a form of solutions, policies presenting, and framework of urban design in verified areas. Therefore, the security of the neighborhood must be reviewed and urban design must be carried out within an environmental approach for preventing the crimes. So taking advantage from indicators and sub-indicators in this approach can lead to management of crime and achieve to secure space for different groups of society, especially women, as one of the most vulnerable people in the neighborhood until would be considered at future as the urban design model, with the aim of creating a secure ground for citizens.
بدون شک امروزه یکی از معیارهای رضایتمندی افراد از فضاهای محلهای، داشتن محیطی امن و به دور از جرم محسوب میشود. بررسیها نشان میدهد که با توجه به تفاوتهایی که میان مردان و زنان از نظر فیزیک و ابعاد جسمی از یکسو و حساسیت و خصوصیات ادراکی از سوی دیگر وجود دارد، میزان توجه به مسئله امنیت نیز در میان آنان متفاوت است. لذا این پژوهش بر پایه رویکرد CPTED، بهدنبال بررسی و تعیین شاخصهای تأمین امنیت از طریق طراحی محیطی با توجه به ترجیحات زنان و مردان است. روش پژوهش حاضر از نوع پیمایشی و همبستگی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش را ساکنان بخش میانی محله صابونپزخانه واقع در منطقه 12 شهر تهران تشکیل میدهند. 200 پرسشنامه در خصوص میزان تأثیر هر یک از شاخصها در امنیت محله به شیوة تصادفی در محله تکمیل شده است. یافتهها نشان میدهد که زنان نقش تمامی شاخصها شامل نظارت، مدیریت و نگهداری، کنترل دسترسی، قلمروگرایی و حمایت از فعالیت را در ادراک احساس ناامنی تأیید کردند؛ در حالی که در میان مردان دو شاخص نظارت و کنترل دسترسی مورد توجه بوده است. بنابراین لازم است توجه به این تفاوت در تدوین راهکارهای اجرایی دقیقتر بهمنظور تأمین امنیت فضاهای محلهای مد نظر قرار گیرد.
http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_84_e461e779117cc9d9abacd2e79a294580.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-129971420150409An investigation into the role of Ashura processions in Iranian cities (Case study: Lahijan)بازشناسی اثر آیین های عاشورایی بر شهر ایرانی (بررسی موردی: شهر لاهیجان)77968510.30480/aup.2015.85FAمهرانعلی الحسابیاستادیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایرانعصمتپای کنکارشناس ارشد طراحی شهری، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایرانJournal Article20140119Rituals can be defined as customs which have been formed during years, and work toward defining and adjusting humans’ relationship with society, environment, and history; the rituals also define the relationships among citizens in a symbolic space. On one hand, rituals, as social activities , are closely related to space , influence it , and are influenced by it; and on the other hand, rituals , as cultural phenomena , have the capacity to maintain social and cultural relationships in a city; therefore, rituals can be considered as spatial, and consequently, urban phenomena. Urban rituals have always left their trace on cities. The present research aims to investigate their relationship and interaction. <br />In the first phase of the present research, using a descriptive analytic approach, and within a qualitative framework, the interaction of city and urban rituals is investigated in order to present a conceptual model for the interaction. The results show that processional rituals, as social actions which are repeatable in certain times and places, and a have metaphoric and symbolic nature, through four major norms (openness, connection, continuity, and adaptation) interact with three major urban components namely form, meaning, and activity. <br />In the second phase of the research, using a survey analytic approach, and using special techniques such as spatial syntax, behavior analysis, and cognitive mapping, and using the appropriate devices, the Ashura processions in Lahijan were investigated based on the presented conceptual model. The results suggest that from the perspective of form, processional rituals have created or given form to certain elements and spaces in Lahijan. Performing them in the spatial structure of the city in the past has formed connections between several networks and spaces across the city, and in general, has contributed to the formal-spatial coherence of the city. Today, despite the changes in the structure of the city, performing these rituals reminds one of the previous structures. From the perspective of meaning, processional rituals create memorable, meaningful, and symbolic spaces, and give identity and a sense of possession to spaces. In addition, the spatial structure of the rituals is reflected as a coherent and legible structure in the mind of citizens. From the perspective of activity, the most important aspects of the processional rituals are embracing more presence, providing more freedom for activity, creating a public domain, and being democratic; these in turn lead to strengthening neighborhoods, increasing public participation, and processional unity. In conclusion, given the positive effects of processional rituals on one hand, and the problems of the old and precious urban context on the other hand, these rituals can be considered as a potential in the city; if the conditions for performing the rituals and promoting their positive effects are prepared, they can be used in the regeneration and improvement of formal and functional aspects of the old context. <br /> آیین اجرای داوطلبانه رفتاری است که بهشکلی سزاوار بهمنظور تأثیرگذاری نمادین یا مشارکت در زندگی جدی طراحی شده است و طیف وسیعی از فعالیتهای انسانی در جوامع را شامل میشود. آیین با دارا بودن سه ویژگی کلان (1) تکرارپذیری در زمان و مکان مشخص، (2) برخوردار از ماهیتی نمادین و استعاری و (3) کنش و فعالیتی اجتماعی، با سه مؤلفه اصلی شهر شامل کالبد، معنا و فعالیت در تعامل و ارتباط تنگاتنگ است. در نتیجه آیین را میتوان پدیدهای فضایی و به تبع آن پدیدهای شهری دانست. در پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روشی تحلیلی و پیمایشی و در قالب مطالعهای کیفی به بررسی نحوه تعامل شهر و آیینهای عاشورایی پرداخته شد. بررسی انجام شده در قالب مدل مفهومی بهدست آمده حاکی از آن است که از بعد کالبد، آیینهای جمعی سبب ایجاد عناصر و فضاهایی خاص گردیده و یا به آنها شکل داده است و اجرای آن در سازمان فضایی شهر در گذشته انسجام کالبدی-فضایی شهر را بهدنبال داشته است. از بعد معنا، آیینهای جمعی سبب ایجاد فضاهایی خاطرهانگیز، بامعنا و نمادین گردیده و در هویتبخشی به فضاها و حس تعلق به آنها اثرگذار بوده است. از بعد فعالیتی، افزایش حضورپذیری، آزادی در فعالیت، ایجاد یک قلمرو همگانی و مردمی بودن را میتوان مهمترین وجوه رفتارهای آیینی در شهر لاهیجان دانست که تقویت محلهمحوری، مشارکت و وحدت جمعی در ایام خاص را موجب میگردد. <br /> http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_85_60e64d3d7d0cde0c1c86d056c76099a8.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-129971420150409Creating home space in a nursery inspired by a sense of place (Case Study: Ameneh nursery state welfare complex)ایجاد فضای کاشانه در پرورشگاه با تأسی از حس مکان (بررسی موردی: مجتمع خدمات بهزیستی پرورشگاه آمنه تهران)971158610.30480/aup.2015.86FAشهرزاداعتمادیکارشناس ارشد معماری داخلی، دانشگاه هنرعلیرضامستغنیاستادیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه هنرJournal Article20131216Unaccompanied children have personal identity problems due to the lack of kindness from their family and friends. Environment of orphanage as a domicile that they have settled is their mere ever comrade. The main problems of them are an identity crisis, isolation, fear, and lack of social relationships and attachment. According to studies, children's sense of place has an important role in obtaining personal identity, so creating place attachment in such residential spaces is necessary. the feeling of fixation to this place because of the role that sense of place plays in the formation of the child identity, is much more important than which in normal children. In fact, the orphanage is a house of children which lived and taught there. In discussing about settlements, creating a sense of place is presented .also promote children's learning and interaction is required for the formation of his personality. Sense of place, is a factor that has a great impact on shaping human identity. An important part of individual`s identity in the society is established in childhood and is based on collective and spatial memories as well as subjective images which underlies many social and personal characteristics such as, anxiety reduction, self-esteem achievement and collective and interactive morale. As a result, the concept of sense of place and the factors contribute to creation of the sense, particularly in childhood years, is an important subject which will be discussed in this paper.
In this survey, first unaccompanied children are introduces and their problems in the environment of orphanages are studied. To this end, necessity for creating the sense of place to fix some of these problems is perused. Further, sense of place, its factors and the role of each of them in improvement of accommodation spaces of the orphanages are noted. After considering mentioned study, the importance of physical factors, participation in the space designing and active-interactive parameters for developing the atmosphere of orphanage to create sense of place and space of domicile are pointed out. The results of the studies and correspondences, suggest a tremendous impact of active and interactive factors in form of play-partnership, on manipulating the place by child himself and his contributions to designing and creating spaces and individual territories.
Accordingly, proposed solutions are categorized and at the end for the practical checking of the noted factors, Amene Integrated Services Welfare Nursery as a sample has been studied. After considering their difficulties and problems, solutions and proposed patterns are presented in three major categories. Also In this case, without regard to the psychological needs of children to have a safe and warm environment for settlement only provides a roof and shelter for their children. So it follows with a review of the spaces and functional relationship sat home, trying to offer a model is proposed for the design of such spaces.
کودکان بیسرپرست بهدلیل محرومیت از محبت خانواده و دوستان دارای مشکلات هویتی- شخصیتی فراوانی هستند و محیط پرورشگاه بهعنوان کاشانهای که در آن سکنی گزیدهاند، تنها همراه همیشگی آنان محسوب میگردد. بنابراین احساس تعلق خاطر به چنین مکانی بهدلیل نقشی که حس مکان در شکلگیری هویت کودکان ایفا میکند، بهمراتب نسبت به کودکان عادی از اهمیت بیشتری برخوردار است. پژوهش پیش رو بر آن است تا ما را در راستای پاسخ دادن به این پرسش رهنمون گردد که «تأثیر حس مکان در ایجاد فضای مطلوب اقامتی کودکان بیسرپرست چگونه است؟». بنابرین ابتدا در بخش نظری به مطالعه منابع کتابخانهای پرداخته شده و در ادامه با تحقیق میدانی و بر اساس یافتههای بخش نظری، راهکارهای عملی ارائه گردیده است. از اینرو پس از بررسی معضلات کودکان در محیطهای پرورشگاهی، ضرورت ایجاد حس مکان جهت رفع برخی از این مشکلات مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. در ادامه حس مکان و عوامل شکلدهنده آن و نقش هر یک از این عوامل در بهبود فضای پرورشگاه بیان گردیده است. از نتایج بررسی موارد مذکور میتوان به اهمیت عوامل کالبدی، مشارکت در طراحی مکان و عوامل فعالیتی- تعاملی جهت بهبود فضای پرورشگاه برای ایجاد حس مکان و فضای کاشانه در طراحی مکان مطلوب اقامتی- پرورشی اشاره نمود. به همین منظور راهکارهای ارائه شده، دستهبندی گردیده است و در انتها جهت بررسی عملی عوامل ذکر شده، مجتمع خدمات بهزیستی شیرخوارگاه آمنه بهعنوان نمونه موردی تحلیل شده است.
http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_86_7c278c0cb2378a9e4d65ed0d0179c224.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-129971420150409Residential Complex Typology, an Effective Step in High-quality Design of the Contemporary Residential Complexes
Case Study: Residential Complexes of Tabriz Cityگونه شناسی مجتمع های مسکونی، گامی مؤثر در طراحی با کیفیت مجموعه های مسکونی معاصر بررسی موردی: مجتمع های مسکونی شهر تبریز1171398710.30480/aup.2015.87FAمینوقره بگلواستادیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریزنویدخالقی مقدمکارشناسی ارشد مهندسی معماری، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریزJournal Article20131019The housing issue, as a longstanding and basic need of human being, has emerged as a new problem in the present era due to the population growth. The need for residential places has necessitated the transformation of traditional houses to apartments; and single-family housing has been replaced with multi -family housing. Tabriz city, as a metropolitan area in Iran, has been no exception and, therefore, followed the same path. One of the major issues in designing and planning the new residence pattern is providing a conceptual framework for determining, evaluating and diagnosis of the status quo. The present study aims to provide insight into the communal residence patterns, with two key questions: “Is it possible to assume a taxon, or taxa, of characteristics for residential complexes in Tabriz?”, and “which spatial qualities are generated by the defined typology of residential complexes in Tabriz?” The objective is to evaluate and diagnose these spatial qualities. To answer the research questions, first, there was a need to survey the status quo and to provide a framework for taxonomic classification of residential complexes. To achieve this framework, the relevant concepts and theories in residential complex design were reviewed and analyzed in order to provide an understanding of two domains: a) the criteria for typology of residential complexes and b) the criteria for evaluating the spatial qualities in various taxa of characteristics in residential complexes. The review of existing literature revealed two major criteria in classification of residential complexes: the height (number of floors), and adjacency of open/closed spaces. The literature review also identified the criteria to be used for examining the spatial qualities that are generated in various taxa of residential complexes. Those include: accessibility and permeability, distinction and readability, comfort and relaxation, social vitality and viability, safety and security, diversity and dynamics of the functions. Then, the spatial qualities in each taxon were analyzed based on these criteria. In the second phase of research, all residential complexes in Tabriz were identified by examining the city’s aerial photos and field visits. We then attempted to classify those with an emphasis on previously identified criteria. Finally, the identified taxa of residential complexes were qualitatively examined using environmental factors. The results achieved using ‘height’ as criterion indicate high frequency of low-raise residential complexes in Tabriz that is rooted in economic issues and feasibility of construction technology. Furthermore, the results achieved using ‘adjacency of open/closed spaces’ indicate high frequency of spread blocks as a strategy to overcome the space restrictions and to provide spatial diversity. Typology of residential complexes in Tabriz, using the two criteria simultaneously, shows a dominant linear taxon in low-rise complexes, a dominant spread taxon in mid-rise and high-rise complexes, high frequency of high-rise complexes in spread and free-standing taxa, and high frequency of low rise in other taxa. The assessment of the weaknesses of the typology would lead, in macro–scale to development of appropriate executive policies and strategies; in mid-scale, to design and implementation of optimal solutions; and in micro-scale, to favorable residential environments by meeting the residents’ needs and satisfaction.افزایش جمعیت شهری و نیاز به اماکن مسکونی موجب استفاده از مساکن چندخانواری بهجای مسکن تکخانواری شده است که شهر تبریز نیز از این قاعده مستثنی نیست. از مسائل مهم طراحی این الگوی جدید سکونت، فراهمآوری زمینهای جهت شناخت و آسیبشناسی وضع موجود است. با واکاوی ادبیات موضوع چارچوبی متشکل از دو معیار مطرح در طبقهبندی مجموعههای مسکونی یعنی ارتفاع (تعداد طبقات) و نحوه همنشینی فضاهای باز و بسته تبیین شد و کیفیات فضایی هر یک از گونهها بر مبنای معیارهای ارزیابی کیفی مجموعههای مسکونی تحلیل گردید. سپس کلیه مجتمعهای مسکونی شهر تبریز شناسایی شد و گونهشناسی آنها با تأکید بر معیارهای مذکور، هدف نوشتار حاضر قرار گرفت. در گام نهایی ارزیابی کیفی گونههای غالب مجتمعهای مسکونی شهر تبریز با تکیه بر معیارهای ارزیابی کیفی مجموعههای مسکونی صورت گرفت. نتایج تحقیق با معیار ارتفاع حاکی از فراوانی مجتمعهای مسکونی کوتاهمرتبه در شهر است که ریشه در مسائل اقتصادی و سهولت تکنولوژی ساخت دارد. نتایج تحقیق با معیار همنشینی فضای باز و بسته حاکی از فراوانی گونه پراکنده بهعنوان راهکاری جهت رهایی از محدودیت و ایجاد تنوع فضایی است. گونهشناسی مجتمعهای مسکونی شهر تبریز با دو معیار همزمان ارتفاع و همنشینی فضای باز و بسته حاکی از گونه غالب خطی در مجموعههای کوتاهمرتبه، گونه غالب پراکنده در مجتمعهای میانمرتبه و بلندمرتبه، فراوانی بلندمرتبه در گونه متمرکز و پراکنده و فراوانی کوتاهمرتبه در سایر گونهها است. دستاورد این پژوهش میتواند جهت بازنگری کیفی فضای باز مجتمعهای مسکونی مورد استفاده طیف متنوع سیاستگذاران، برنامهریزان و طراحان قرار گیرد. http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_87_5911af46afee3cc7f0908e09e2bdca84.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-129971420150409Evaluation of Pattern Language in Housing Architecture
Comparison of Traditional and Contemporary Houses in Zanjanارزیابی تحول زبان الگو در معماری مسکن بررسی موردی: خانه های دوره قاجار و مسکن معاصر در شهر زنجان1411568810.30480/aup.2015.88FAمحمدباقریاستادیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه زنجانعیسیحجتدانشیار دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهرانمینادشتیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد معماری، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریزJournal Article20140414Spread of imported residential patterns and ignoring indigenous patterns has destroyed the quality of today’s houses and has made it necessary to readout the pattern languages of Iranian homes to match it with the residents’ needs. Studying the theories of pattern language in housing suggests the following questions: (1) what are the component of patterns of events in traditional homes and modern houses? (2) What are the component of spatial patterns in traditional homes and modern houses? (3) How is the relationship between patterns of events and spatial patterns in traditional homes and modern houses? (4) What changes the passage of time has imposed on residence patterns? (5) What has changed, with changing in residence patterns, in relationship between patterns of events and spatial patterns in houses? The purpose of the research design is discovering the behavioral-spatial stress in habitation and removing them through revision of spatial organization and compatible patterns with lifestyle, culture and needs of the residents. The hypothesis of study is that each type of home is formed by specific behavior-physical patterns. The more dynamic and interconnected will be the spatial patterns and pattern of events, the more will be possible for residents to release their endogenous forces. The research has been developed in two sections. The research firstly defines the pattern language and semantic elements by content analyze approach. Patterns are concepts which go through former experiences, make continuity with the past and create a quality of the built environment and thereby give identity to the built environment. In fact the patterns are the results of experiences and collective wisdom of the community. Secondly it investigates the patterns of Zanjan’s homes in terms of spatial dimensions and dimensions of events. It also studies, using case study method, the interaction rate of these dimensions of traditional and contemporary samples of houses. Field studies are done by taking photographs and preparing the drawings of old and new houses in residential areas in Zanjan, in order to answer the research questions. The obtained data, according to the theoretical model of the study, has been converted into patterns and is presented accordingly. Comparison of traditional houses and common houses today is done in three large, medium and small scales. The results indicate that form-oriented and functional design has led to neglect of social-conceptual organization of houses. It also shows that the role of pattern language of events (nature, feelings, behavior and emotion) as it could be seen in traditional houses, has been weakened in contemporary homes and space-behavior patterns of residence have been reduced to simplified space-activity patterns. According to the results, it is possible to strengthen the relationship between people and nature, effectively activate the senses of sight, smell, and touch at home, strengthen the dignity, diversity and flexibility of spaces and the possibility of cooperative interaction among family members and neighbors. It is also possible to strengthen the sense of attachment, self-esteem and memories of residents through recreation of spatial organization, various spaces and paying attention to detail of homes. Thus the language of behavioral-spatial patterns of house can be rehabilitated and the housing needs of people will be met and their residential motives will grow and evolve over time.تنوع و تکثر الگوهای سکونت معاصر و غفلت از الگوهای بومی، بازخوانی زبانالگوی خانه ایرانی و همسازی آن با انگیزهها و نیازهای ساکنان را ضروری ساخته است. هدف این پژوهش بررسی تطبیقی تنشهای رفتاری-مکانی در گونههای مسکن و رفع آنها از طریق بازنگری در سازمان فضایی و الگوهای مکان-رفتار است. پس از تعریف زبانالگو و عناصر ساختاری-معنایی آن، 20 نمونه از خانههای سنتی دوره قاجار و 20 نمونه از خانههای ویلایی و آپارتمانی شهر زنجان به روش نمونهگیری خوشهای انتخاب شد و الگوی معماری آنها در سه مقیاس کلان، میانی و خرد در ابعاد فضایی (ارتباط با پیرامون، تنوع فضایی، جزئیات معماری و مبلمان) و ابعاد ادراکی-رفتاری (ارتباط با طبیعت، تأثیرگذاری حسی، رفتاری و عاطفی بر ساکنان) ارزیابی گردید. یافتههای تحقیق نشان میدهد که مسکن سنتی زنجان (تا دوره قاجار) از الگوهای مکان-رفتار پویا و فعال برخوردار بوده و در مسکن معاصر (خانههای ویلایی و واحدهای آپارتمانی امروزین) بهتدریج به الگوهای ایستا و غیرفعال تغییر یافته است. تحول طراحی بومسازگار و چندعملکردی در مسکن سنتی به طراحی فرمی-عملکردی و بیتوجهی به زیستبوم در مسکن معاصر، سازمان ادراکی-رفتاری و زبانالگوی سکونت را تضعیف کرده است. استنتاج نهایی تحقیق آن است که با بذل توجه عمیق به الگوهای فرهنگی (رفتاری) و سازمان فضایی، زبانالگوی سکونت قابل بازیابی است. تقویت رابطه بصری و دسترسی به طبیعت، طراحی مبتنی بر حواس محیطی (بینایی، بویایی، لامسه)، حفظ تشخص، تنوع و انعطافپذیری فضاهای سکونتی، تعاملپذیری خانواده و همسایگان و تداعیگری خاطرات در بازآفرینی سازمان فضایی و زبانالگوی سکونت تأثیرگذار است. http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_88_9a406f8cc9fad05a0a3115d4833fde13.pdfدانشگاه هنرنامه معماری و شهرسازی2717-129971420150409Some Reasons for Importance of Geometric Forms and their Reflection in Historical Architecture and Urbanismبرخی علل اهمیت یافتن صورت های هندسی و بازتاب آن در معماری و شهرسازی تاریخی1571738910.30480/aup.2015.89FAحسینسلطان زادهدانشیار دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکزJournal Article20131021The way of formation of some geometric shapes and forms as ritual signs or symbols, and the reflection of these signs in architectural and urban spaces are the subject of this research. The aim of this paper is paying attention to the reasons of formation of square, circle, triangle, cube, sphere and pyramid as important and symbolic forms, and its second aim is to research about the reflection of these forms in urban and architectural spaces. The questions of the research are: why these geometric forms have become important? And how these forms have reflected in urban and architectural spaces? The theoretical framework of this research is based on the fact that worldview and culture in old societies had important role in formation of meaning for geometric forms. Historical-interpretation method has been used in this paper because the data was historic. The outlook, culture and some environmental phenomena are the independent variables, meanwhile symbolic geometric forms and their meanings, are the dependent variables. How geometric forms became symbols and what are the effective factors on this formation, are studied in this research. The reflections of these forms in the urban and architectural spaces in the historical periods are shown through a few examples. The statistical population is related to Iran, but because of some cultural exchanges between Iran and other countries and the existence of some common phenomena in outlook of the human in ancient civilizations such as the way of thinking about sun and moon and their role as well as the increasing importance of the motifs of circle and sphere, there are some data gathered from other countries. The result of research shows that outlook, culture, nature and some environmental factors and phenomena have important role in formation of geometric symbols which have been reflected in some urban and architectural spaces. It is necessary to pay attention that some geometric signs and symbols may have different meaning in various countries or in different periods. On the other hand, in some cases a sign can have several meaning or even in some cases several signs can have a similar meaning. Another important point is that all geometric shapes and forms that were used in architectural and urban spaces were not used for their symbolic meanings, so that in many cases, applied and functional aspects were the reason of using important shapes and forms. There is an important point to be noted, i.e. in every country there were some special geometric shapes and forms that became more important than the other forms; for example, pyramid in Egypt became more important than the other forms. Some examples have been given so that everybody can see the reflection of important shapes and forms in historical architecture and urbanism. The Taj Mahal in India is one of the best examples that shows how square were used several times in the complex without any functional reason, but it is obvious that they have been used for symbolic reasons.چگونگی شکلگیری برخی صورتهای هندسی (شکلها و حجمها) بهعنوان نشانههای آیینی مهم یا نماد و بازتاب آنها در فضاهای معماری و شهری موضوع مورد بررسی این پژوهش است. هدف از انجام این پژوهش نخست توجه به علل شکلگیری شکلهای مربع، دایره، مثلث، مکعب، کره و هرم بهعنوان صورتهای مهم هندسی و نمادین و سپس بررسی بعضی از بازتابهای آنها در فضاهای معماری و شهری است. پرسشهای تحقیق این است که چرا این ترکیبهای هندسی اهمیت یافتهاند؟ و چگونه در فضاهای معماری و شهری بازتاب پیدا کردهاند؟ مبانی نظری پژوهش بر این نظریه استوار است که جهانبینی و فرهنگ در جوامع کهن نقش مهمی در شکلگیری معنا و مفهومهای پدید آمده برای صورتهای هندسی داشته است. از روش تحقیق تاریخی-تفسیری برای بررسی دادههای این پژوهش استفاده شده است، زیرا دادههای مورد مطالعه بهطور عمده جنبهای تاریخی دارند. جهانبینی، فرهنگ و برخی پدیدههای محیطی، متغیرهای مستقل و صورتهای هندسی نمادین، متغیرهای وابسته در این تحقیق بهشمار میآیند. نتایج تحقیق نشان میدهد که جهانبینی، فرهنگ، طبیعت و برخی از پدیدههای محیطی در شکلگیری نمادهای هندسی نقش داشتهاند و این نمادها در برخی از فضاهای معماری و شهری بازتاب یافتهاند.http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_89_ce1018ae477995434b3ac9223c36e904.pdf