@article { author = {Gharai, Fariba and Izadi, Abbasali}, title = {A comparative study on student selection methods for undergraduate architecture and urban planning courses, in 9 countries and Iran}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {5-24}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2013.108}, abstract = {Revisiting the student selection methods for undergraduate studies in architecture and urban planning in Iran is the main aim of this research. The literature on the subject showed that despite numerous general sources on student selection and access to higher education, only a very limited number of sources have addressed the particular cases of architecture and urban planning. There were some indication in the literature about the intervening affects of non-academic factors, and therefore it seemed necessary to include investigations into both academic and non-academic issues and their consequences. For architecture courses, poor relationship was usually observed between the selection criteria and measures of academic performance of the selected students. Evidence existed for psychological and cognitive differences between students of design and non-design disciplines also modest evidence was found about the relationship of non-academic factors to academic performance.      After studying the literature on this matter, attempts have been made to develop new suggestions for the improvement of these processes through the investigation of the same processes in other countries worldwide. In this regard, using a comparison method for the research, a sample of nine countries has been chosen so that they could represent a wide range of possible processes of student selection criteria. The sample includes the following countries which in alphabetical order are Brazil, China, France, India, Korea, Malaysia, Turkey, UK, and USA. Apart from countries which employ a central unified method of student selection, in other countries where the universities are independently responsible for choosing the candidates, 20 well known universities were investigated. Six criteria were chosen on the basis of literature review to investigate the process of student selection namely: selection method (centralized or decentralized), necessary credentials, method of implementation of entrance exam, entrance exam’s subjects, method of evaluating previous skills/achievements, authorities/ organizations involved in student selection.  The results of the study shows that a unified central method is only carried out in two countries, whereas in other sample countries either the universities are independent, or the process of decentralization of selection method has started. In the majority of sample countries the GPA (Grade Point Average) of secondary education is considered as one of the main criteria of student selection, however, in some cases a national exam is also being employed. It should be noticed that in half of the sample countries non academic factors such as interviews, portfolios and personal statements comprise a key part of the selection criteria. Drawing on the results, suggestions have been made to enhance the current conditions of selecting architecture and urban planning students in Iran some of which are as followings: Decentralization of student selection procedure, introducing drawing and design tasks in the entrance exams of architecture and design related urban programs as well as implementation of threshold scores for each subject of the entrance exam.    }, keywords = {student selection criteria,architecture admissions,urban planning admissions,comparison study on student selection}, title_fa = {مطالعه تطبیقی روش های انتخاب دانشجوی کارشناسی معماری و شهرسازی در نه کشور جهان و ایران}, abstract_fa = {هدف تحقیق حاضر بازنگری روش انتخاب دانشجوی کارشناسی معماری و شهرسازی در ایران است و تلاش می‌شود با توجه به منابع مرتبط و شناسایی روش‌های انتخاب دانشجو در سایر کشورها پیشنهاد‌هایی در این زمینه ارائه شود. به این منظور شیوه‌های انتخاب دانشجو در 9 کشور شامل آمریکا، انگلستان، برزیل، ترکیه، چین، فرانسه، کره، مالزی و هندوستان جمع‌آوری شده است. به‌جز کشورهایی که از روش متمرکز انتخاب دانشجو استفاده می‌کنند در سایر کشورها نیز جمعاً 20 دانشگاه معتبر شناسایی شده و روش‌های انتخاب دانشجو توسط آن‌ها مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. بررسی‌ها نشان می‌دهد که نتایج دروس دبیرستان در اکثر کشور‌ها از عوامل انتخاب داوطلبان ورود به دانشگاه به‌شمار می‌رود، ضمن اینکه در برخی موارد از آزمون سراسری نیز کمک گرفته می‌شود. در نیمی از کشورهای مورد مطالعه از عوامل دیگری چون مصاحبه، بیانیه‌های فردی، و نمونه کاری در سنجش داوطلبان استفاده می‌شود. همچنین مشخص شد که روش متمرکز انتخاب دانشجو فقط در دو کشور اجرا می‌شود و سایر کشورها یا از روش غیرمتمرکز استفاده می‌کنند و یا در حال تبدیل روش خود به سمت عدم تمرکز انتخاب دانشجو هستند. مسئولیت انتخاب دانشجو در اکثر موارد به عهده دانشگاه مربوطه است. در پایان مقاله پیشنهاد‌هایی برای بازنگری روش انتخاب دانشجو ارائه شده است.    }, keywords_fa = {انتخاب دانشجو,دانشجوی معماری و شهرسازی,تجارب جهانی انتخاب دانشجو,بازنگری انتخاب دانشجو در ایران}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_108.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_108_81a1e5dc7547e30d5143d9b27fe6d37b.pdf} } @article { author = {Hosseini, Behshid and Bitarafan, Mahdi and Hosseini, Bagher and hashemi-fesharak, Javad}, title = {Openings compatible with passive defense architecture by using Analytic hierarchy process (AHP)}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {25-38}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2013.109}, abstract = {Approach to the history of five thousand years of human civilization and the experience of the past two decades (which is only 292 years without war) shows that the enemy procedure, based on strong air attack isjust in the first month and civilians bombarding is began if the spirit of national defense continues after two weeks. So the buildings in the cities are damaged in different ways by the attacks that are often promoted as military fault or other excuses. Bombardment and its resulting blast waves increase buildings damage and human casualties. Furthermore, according to the contemporary architectural theorists, designing all spatial scales in artificial environment are considered in the realm of architecture knowledge. Due to the fact that the resistance of a building against blast wave depends on the shape and form of the building and its roof, number of windows and openings, strength and type of materials used in construction. In the design process it is vital to determine the potential danger and the extent of this danger. Most importantly human safety should be provided. Moreover, to achieve functional continuity after an explosion, architectural and structural factors should be taken into account in the design process, and an optimum building plan should be put together. Study and evaluation becomes important about building openings against consequences of the explosion. Openings are the weakest part of the structure against blast wave and shrapnel and could play a role in increasing or decreasing the effects of explosions on buildings according to their position in the external layer of the building. Thus, the purpose of this survey is to determine some indicators for evaluating the openings of buildings against blast effects. In this regard, the various types of openings were identified for evaluating them in terms of passive defense using library resources. Then, through interviewing with experts in the field of architecture, civil and passive defense all the indicators for the openings were extracted. Then questionnaires for weighing the influent indicators were given to 28 experts due to obtain their opinions. Through the use of group decision-making method based on paired comparisons model, the priorities and also necessity of each indicator and its weight were determined by 9. Likert scales method. In order to assess the reliability of the questionnaire also the test of Cronbach’s Alpha can be used. The reliability of the questionnaire was acceptable, the Cronbach's Alpha equals to 0.786. By implementing this method, it was concluded that ratio of opening area to wall area is the most important factor among the other effective indicators and the skylight method is in the next rank. Based on the results, the effect of these two factors is more than fifty percent in the design of Opening aligned with passive defense architecture. It is also important to note that the shape and the type of selected openings shouldn’t be in contrast with building functions.    }, keywords = {Opening,Passive Defense,Explosion,AHP}, title_fa = {ارزیابی بازشوی همساز با معماری پدافند غیرعامل (با بهره گیری از روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی)}, abstract_fa = {با توجه به این موضوع که مقاومت یک ساختمان در برابر موج انفجار بستگی به شکل و فرم ساختمان، تعداد دریچه‌ها و بازشوها و قدرت و جنس مصالح به‌کار رفته در ساختمان دارد، بنابراین مطالعه و ارزیابی نوع بازشوهای ساختمان در برابر پیامدهای ناشی از انفجار اهمیت می‌یابد. بازشو ضعیف‌ترین قسمت ساختمان در برابر امواج و ترکش‌های ناشی از انفجار است و با توجه به قرارگیری آن در جداره خارجی ساختمان می‌تواند نقش به‌سزایی در کاهش یا افزایش تأثیرات انفجار بر روی ساختمان داشته باشد. بنابراین هدف اصلی این پژوهش تعیین شاخص‌هایی جهت ارزیابی بازشوهای ساختمان در برابر اثرات انفجار است. در این زمینه ابتدا انواع بازشوها با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای شناسایی گردید و سپس با مصاحبه با افراد خبره در این زمینه کلیه شاخص مطرح برای بازشو‌ها استخراج گردید و در ادامه به‌منظور کسب نظرسنجی از خبرگان، پرسش‌نامه‌ای جهت وزن‌دهی به شاخص‌های مؤثر در معرض دید 28 فرد خبره قرار گرفت. سپس از طریق به‌کارگیری روش تصمیم‌گیری گروهی بر اساس الگوی مقایسات زوجی، درجه ضرورت وجودی هر یک از شاخص‌ها تعیین گردید. در نهایت به این نتیجه رسیده شد که از میان شاخص‌های مؤثر بر ارزیابی بازشوها، نسبت سطح بازشو به سطح دیوار مهمترین عامل بوده و سپس روش نورگیری در رتبه بعدی قرار گرفته است.    }, keywords_fa = {بازشو,پدافند غیر‌عامل,انفجار,AHP}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_109.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_109_3f1eaa8244389712f84afb60b4067d5b.pdf} } @article { author = {ghobadian, Vahid and Kiani, Moftafa}, title = {Birthplace of Modern Architecture in Tehran (First Modern Architecture Building in the Capital, Analysis)}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {39-58}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2013.110}, abstract = {Modern architecture is a result and outcome of the industrial revolution and modern technology. Modern architecture was a turning point in the history of world architecture because, for the first time, architects looked consciously toward the future instead of the past. In this paper, the main question is: which building and in what year the first modern buildings in Tehran were constructed. The second question is: what the main features of these buildings were. In Iran the design approach of the Chicago school and art nouveau, as part of the early modern architecture movement, failed to appear. Mainly it was the ideas behind art deco and the international style that were used for the design of the first modern buildings in Iran. The tower hosting the Persian and British Oil Company in Tehran from 1938 was the first modern building in Iran. Its style was art deco.MarkarGalvestian was most probably the architect of this building. He had studied architecture in the King’s College of London. Top of the building was stepped, like most art deco master pieces such as Chrysler Building and Empire State Building, both in New York City. The zigzag fenestrations on the window openings also resemble art deco buildings.  This style was basically used in Tehran for buildings with modern functions such as offices, hotels, factories and schools. The Architectural and construction features of the Art Deco style in Tehran can be summarized as follows: 1 – New and innovative forms with straight or streamed lines, 2 – Feature tower in a stepped form, in the middle of a building, 3 – New decorations and motifs with industrial shapes, 4 – Use of steel or concrete structures with or without bearing walls, 4 – Symmetry and asymmetry in plan and façade, 5 – The use of stone, brick and stucco in façade designs, 6 – Flat or gable roofs. The first International style building in Iran was the Girls' Technical School of 1935-38 in Tehran. This building was designed by VartavnHavanesian who was also western educated – in France. There were no ornaments or any reference to historical elements. Cubic shaped volumes, straight lines and cement stucco for exteriors were the main features of this very modern building. This building was the prototype of many buildings of this style in Tehran.    Clients of all buildings in this style were government agencies. Offices, ministries, schools and hotels were designed in this style. The Architectural and construction features of the International Style and its physical characteristics can be described as follows: 1 – Simplicity in façade and plan, 2 - Lack of ornament or historical references, 3- Use of steel or concrete structures with or without bearing walls, 4 – Covering facades with stone or stucco, 5 - Emphasis on horizontal, straight lines drawn in façade, 6 – Horizontal continuous windows, 7- Mostly flat roofs,      }, keywords = {Iranian Contemporary architecture – Modern Movement – Art Deco – Art Nouveau – International Architecture –Tehran}, title_fa = {خاستگاه معماری مدرن در تهران (بررسی و شناخت اولین بنای سبک معماری مدرن در پایتخت کشور)}, abstract_fa = {با توجه به بناهای ایجاد شده در تهران می‌توان بیان نمود که در حال حاضر معماری مدرن فراگیرترین سبک معماری در این کلان‌شهر شده است. اگرچه از آغاز معماری مدرن بیش از یک سده می‌گذرد ولی نقطه آغازین این شیوه در ایران و پایتخت آن تهران مشخص و تحلیل نشده است. در تحقیق حاضر دو پرسش پژوهش مطرح است: (1) خاستگاه ورود نهضت معماری مدرن به تهران در چه زمانی بوده است؟ و (2) نمونه‌های اولیه معماری سبک مدرن در تهران کدام است و ویژگی آن‌ها چیست؟ در این پژوهش از طرح تحقیق کیفی به منظور شناخت و تبیین خصوصیات اولین ساختمان‌های سبک مدرن در تهران و توصیف و استنباط این بناها استفاده شده است. پژوهش حاضر نخست به خصوصیات و ویژگی‌های شکل‌گیری معماری مدرن در غرب می‌پردازد. در واقع معماری مدرن اولیه1 و عالیه (یا متعالی)2 و سبک‌های مرتبط با آن‌ها تعریف شده، در این بیان شاخص‌ترین شیوه‌ها و سبک‌های مطرح دوره معماری مدرن عالیه بیان می‌گردد. سپس با بررسی ورود و حضور آن در ایران و تهران، با نگرشی تطبیقی و مقایسه‌ای به اولین آثار معماری مدرن می‌پردازد. این بناها در دو جدول متمایز و با این رتبه‌بندی که اولین بناهای تهران در دو سبک «آرت دکو»3 و «سبک بین‌المللی»4 ایجاد شده‌اند ارائه می‌گردند. این جداول که شامل اطلاعاتی چند از بناها است نشان می‌دهد که کدامین بناهای ارائه شده از اولین آثار معماری برگرفته از سبک معماری مدرن بوده‌اند.  }, keywords_fa = {معماری مدرن,معماری معاصر ایران,آرت دکو,آرت نووو,سبک بین‌المللی,تهران}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_110.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_110_01e7cd84589fe0992aed30cc56d117d8.pdf} } @article { author = {Kabirsaber, Mohammad Bagher}, title = {Traditional principals For safe construction after earthquake in old Tabriz (wooden coil technique in Qajariieh era residential architecture)}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {59-70}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2013.111}, abstract = {The aim of this article is explaining the principles of earthquake engineering in Tabriz traditional architecture, especially in rebuilding era after the devastating earthquake that happened in year 1193 AH. Importance of matter of issue is this point which after that earthquake, preferment of building physical resistance through improved building systems, became part of the city architectural culture. One of the techniques in this regard, considered as a serious alternative And progress was wooden coil technique. This elements was designed such as engineering network that organized the part of building’s structural system. In this paper is described it’s technical approach was aboriginal solution to the structural problems, to overcome the some of the weaknesses of buildings in the time. Techniques discussed within their time, was sign of logic and intelligence of the architects that learned from the earthquake and had devised a strategy to deal with it. Their devises was achievements in that time and confirm with modern science of earthquake engineering today. But the main problem of this article is to answer two questions: A) How and to what degree, the accident of earthquake was operative in improving of traditional architects structural decisions? B) wooden coil technique as a practical approach in realizing safe construction, was based on what principles? Three principles discussed in this paper, A) Creating interdisciplinary discourse between Structural Engineering and Humanities, especially history science, Able to establish new knowledge path are unknown ever. For example Visit and Reflection the historical literature and documents is productive in clarifying of some unknown in earthquake engineering field. B) Study of damaged building that Injury with earthquake, is importance for evaluation of technical weaknesses. In fact this fabric is opportunity to learn and experience. C) Structural elements with Tensile stress tolerance (Such as wood) If be used a logical manner (Such as wooden coil or frames that described in this paper) in construction of masonry buildings, can increase their resistance against earthquake. This work is a qualitative research that worked with interpretive – historical research strategy.        }, keywords = {Earthquake,Traditional architecture,wooden coils,structural stability}, title_fa = {رهیافت های معماری سنتی تبریز برای ساخت و ساز ایمن پس از زلزله (مطالعه موردی: کاربست کلاف های چوبی در معماری خانه های قاجاری)}, abstract_fa = {هدف نوشتار حاضر تبیین اصول مهندسی زلزله در معماری سنتی تبریز و به‌خصوص مرحلة تاریخی بازسازی‌های پس از زمین‌لرزة ویرانگر سال 1193 هجری ‌قمری است. اهمیت موضوع بحث در این است که پس از زمین‌لرزة مذکور، ارتقای پایداری فیزیکی ساختمان‌ها از طریق بهبود سیستم‌های ساخت، به بخشی از فرهنگ معماری شهر تبدیل شده و یکی از فنونی که در این راستا به‌عنوان راهکار جدی مورد توجه قرار گرفت و پیشرفت داده شد، فن تسلیح ساختمان‌ها به شبکه مهندسی شدة چوبی (کلاف‌های چوبی) بود. در مقالة حاضر مشخص می‌شود که این رویکرد فنی، حاصل تفکر خلاق معماران بومی برای پیش‌نهادن راه حلی برای برطرف نمودن بخشی از ضعف‌های ساختمان‌سازی رایج در آن زمان بود. تکنیک مورد بحث در ظرف زمانی خود، نشان از تدبیر و هوشمندی معمارانی داشت که از زلزله درس آموخته و برای مقابله با آن راهکار اندیشیده بودند؛ راهکارهایی که مبانی‌شان امروزه نیز با دستاوردهای نوین مهندسی زلزله تطابق دارد. اما مسئلة اصلی مقاله پاسخ به دو سؤال است: (الف) سانحة زلزله چگونه و به چه میزان در بهبود تصمیمات سازه‌ای معماران سنتی شهر مؤثر بود؟ (ب) کلاف‌بندی چوبی به‌عنوان رهیافتی اجرایی در تحقق ساخت و ساز ایمن، مبتنی بر چه اصولی بود؟ کار حاضر یک تحقیق کیفی است که به اقتضای سرشت موضوع، با روش تحقیق تفسیری-تاریخی به انجام رسیده است.      }, keywords_fa = {زمین‌لرزه,معماری سنتی,کلاف‌بندی چوبی,پایداری سازه‌ای}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_111.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_111_61904ff1e63cd03cb2ab30b3b7368a3e.pdf} } @article { author = {Daneshpour, Abdol Hadi and Rezazadeh, Razieh and Sojoodi, Farzan and Mohammadi, Maryam}, title = {An Investigation to the Function and Meaning of Modern City Form through Stratified Semiotics Approach}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {71-88}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2013.112}, abstract = {City form is one of the main aspects of cognition and analyzing cities. This concept defined as the consequent of relationship between setting of powers (Spatial and non-spatial powers), which knowing them is the first step for designing the Form. One of the main functions of form is its potential for meaning perception and through this the potential of making good city image and creating urban identity. In other word, good city form including spatial and functional factors which makes it, and also insured meaning, making good reading and finally lead to readability, imageability and reinforcing sense of place in city. But the things which happened to cities in modern age, led to the creation of the form which decreased the acceptable function of form to the lowest level. Therefore meaning and cultural discontinuity happened in city form and city faced with dualism in meaning and identity. Therefore this article follows the influence of modern logic on the form of city. Through this survey the influential factors which led to inappropriate encoding and reading of city form defined. For investigating discontinuity in meaning, semiotics approach is used. Through using this method, changing of signs is searched. Therefore semiotics as a theoretical-based method in a frame of an analytical and elite-based technique, help researches to define signs and codes of city form and through this the essence of signs and its changing explored, principles of encoding defined and influential factors which lead to appropriate reading and decoding of form specified. Between different approaches of semiotics using stratified semiotics because of its nature which provides a method for analyzing the text in an interrelationship context, in the semiotic system has chosen. Using this method as a strong framework for analyzing meaning in city as a text (as an open phenomenon), which include different textual layers is applicable and lead to defining the influential contexts on contextualization or decontextualization from the city form. Analyzing the relation between textual layers in the modern city form (as a text) is done on the basis of stratified semiotic's concepts: markedness, hierarchy structures, context and etc. This method help researchers to define: the influential factors which destroyed the relation between layers, cause oppositions, and also lead to the lowest markedness in the modern city form or decontextualize from the text and finally lead to defining the factors which cause meaning discontinuity against continuity of meaning in city form in modern age. The result of this article shows that changing in non-spatial factors of the modern city form as the influential layer in text, decontextualize from the urban form and make problems in perception of meaning and interpretation of users.    }, keywords = {city form,modern city,stratified semiotics,text,code,contextualization and decontextualization}, title_fa = {بررسی کارکرد و معنای فرم شهر مدرن از منظر نشانه شناسی لایه ای}, abstract_fa = {یکی از مهم‌ترین وجوه شناخت و تحلیل شهر، فرم شهر است. در تعریف این جنبه از بررسی شهر آمده است که هر فرم، حاصل و برآیند رابطه میان مجموعه‌ای از نیروها (فضایی و غیرفضایی) است که شناخت آن‌ها، نخستین گام در طراحی فرم است. از آنجا که یکی از اهداف فرم شهر مطلوب، برخورداری از معنا و هویت است، بررسی این وجه از شهر در قالب رویکرد معنا‌شناختی مورد توجه این نوشتار است. معنا و کارکرد مناسب این وجه از شهر می‌تواند بر ارتقای تصور ذهنی استفاده کنندگان، افزایش حس مکان و هویت تأثیرگذار باشد. در این نوشتار بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر گسست معنایی فرم شهر مدرن مورد توجه قرار گرفته است و هدف آن است تا ضمن بهره‌مندی از رویکرد نشانه‌شناسی لایه‌ای و بهره‌گیری از مهم‌ترین مفاهیم آن شامل نشانه به‌مثابه متن، ساختار سلسله مراتبی، نشانداری، بافت‌سازی و بافت‌زدایی، کارکرد فرم شهر مدرن1 و عوامل تأثیرگذار بر فرآیند بافت‌زدایی از آن بررسی شود. به نظر می‌رسد به دلیل دگرگونی عوامل غیرفضایی به‌عنوان لایه تأثیرگذار بر متن، از فرم شهر بافت‌زدایی شده و بعضاً دریافت معنی را دچار تعلیق شده و شخص را در تفسیر، دچار سردرگمی کرده است.    }, keywords_fa = {فرم شهر,شهر مدرن,نشانه‌شناسی لایه‌ای,متن,رمزگان,بافت‌سازی,بافت‌زدایی}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_112.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_112_6c8ae820b8b050af45e9bc279e325a49.pdf} } @article { author = {Asadie, Iradj and Zebardast, Esfandiar}, title = {Analysis of sprawl pattern in Tehran metropolitan region: with focus on impacts of decision-making and growth control fragmentation}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {89-106}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2013.113}, abstract = {Present research argues that the most challenging environmental regional problem in Tehran metropolitan region (TMR) is sprawl. According to the our theoretical framework, in the condition of political fragmentation, spillover growth always leaks from central and big cities (with exclusionary planning and strong growth control and lack of affordable housing) to unincorporated areas with weak growth control and cheap land available for development ,the areas also have great accessibility to major service centers. After a while and due to concentration of population in unincorporated area, these centers get incorporated and established municipality and growth control power. After establishing municipalities, local authorities prepare an exclusionary urban development plan in which there is no place for low-income and affordable housing. In the new established condition, spillover growth finds these new incorporated areas not desirable for development for their relative high cost and constraint on development comparing to unincorporated outer areas of rural-urban fringe. Present research attempt to study planning and management factors cause sprawl development by examination of urban population growth trends in city limits, city buffers and outer area that are not within the past two planning and management territory. Another aspect of our study focused on examination of population growth of cities and their changes before and after incorporation (establishment of municipality and creating system of growth control). Our examination that was done in four period of time from 1966 to 2006 indicate that in the condition of political and decision-making fragmentation, spillover growth always leaks from central and big cities with exclusionary planning and strong growth control and also lack of affordable housing to unincorporated areas with weak growth control and cheap land available for development. Main parts of these desirable sites for new development (mainly unplanned) are villages and rural area that present cheap lands, weak growth control and also desirable access to services delivered in adjacent central cities. Our research demonstrated that there is a considerable difference in growth rate of settlements within city limits and outer areas with weak growth control. In a detailed examination whole metropolitan region was divided into three distinct areas (city limits, city buffer and outer areas of buffer) each one have different growth control imposed on urban developments. Examination of population growth of settlements and their changes before and after incorporation (establishment of municipality and creating system of growth control) was another method for testing our hypothesis. A settlement in particular situation and in the lack of growth control, for example, experience a 65 percent growth in a 10 years period, while average growth rate in metropolitan region is 3 percent. Same settlement after incorporation and establishing municipality experience only 5 percent growth in the same period of time. These processes of sprawl go hand to hand to extend urban development beyond central cities and into distant area of region. Control of this process of sprawl which works in a cyclic manner will not be possible in the condition of political fragmentation in which there is not any body for coordinated regional spatial planning and governance. Accordingly, the mission of any kind of regional body and regional governance must be regional growth management.      }, keywords = {Political Fragmentation,Sprawl,Growth Control,Tehran metropolitan region}, title_fa = {تحلیل الگوهای پراکنده رویی شهری در منطقه کلانشهری تهران با تأکید بر اثرات تفرق نظام تصمیمگیری و کنترل رشد}, abstract_fa = {وجود تفرق سیاسی و قلمرویی در شرایط فراهم بودن امکان برنامه‌ریزی کاربری زمین انحصاری و کنترل رشد محلی متفرق به پراکنده‌رویی توسعه می‌انجامد. به زبان ساده قلمروهای مدیریت شهری (شهرداری‌ها) واقع در منطقه با تعیین محدوده برای شهر‌ها و کنترل ساخت‌و‌ساز موجب افزایش هزینه زمین و ساخت‌و‌ساز برای گروه‌های جمعیتی شده و با انجام برنامه‌‌ریزی کاربری زمین انحصاری (فقدان برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای) موجب تقلیل ذخیره مسکن قابل استطاعت درون محدوده خود می‌گردند. از این رو جمعیت سرریز (در ایران گروه‌های کم‌درآمد جمعیتی) برای یافتن مسکن و سرپناه مناسب شرایط اقتصادی خود به نواحی سرازیر می‌شوند که زمین در آن ارزان بوده و در فقدان یا ضعف کنترل رشد، هزینه ساخت‌و‌ساز پایین است. تحقیق حاضر تلاش خواهد کرد تا مکانیزم عمل پراکنده‌رویی توسعه را در قالب بررسی الگوهای رشد شهری در محدوده شهر‌ها، حریم و خارج از حریم منطقه کلان‌شهری تهران و نیز تغییرات رشد جمعیت پیش و پس از تأسیس شهرداری (ایجاد سیستم کنترل رشد) در این منطقه را در طی چهار دوره مورد مطالعه از سال 1345 تا 1385 بررسی کند. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان داد که در شرایط تفرق سیاسی موجود، رشد سرریز در منطقه همیشه از نواحی دارای کنترل رشد به نواحی‌ای سرازیر شده است که کنترل رشد در آن‌ها ضعیف است.      }, keywords_fa = {تفرق سیاسی,پراکنده‌رویی شهری,کنترل رشد,منطقه کلان‌شهری تهران}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_113.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_113_4e2598aee6370b6c87ecc96007def33f.pdf} } @article { author = {Shabanbour, Mehdi and Haghighatnaeini, Gholamreza}, title = {بافت فرسوده، مدل کاربردی، روش مداخله، AHP، تهران، درکه}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {107-130}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2013.114}, abstract = {The history of five thousand years of human civilization (with only 292 years with no war) and the experiencesof the past two decades of our country shows that the enemies’ approach is based on strong air attack just inthe first month, and civilians bombarding begins if the spirit of national defense continues after two weeks.So the buildings in the cities are damaged in different ways by the attacks that are often promoted as militaryfault or other excuses. Bombardment and its resulting blast waves increase buildings damage and humancasualties. Furthermore, according to the contemporary architectural theorists, designing all spatial scalesin the artificial environment are considered in the realm of architecture knowledge. Due to the fact that theresistance of a building against blast waves depends on the shape and form of the building and its roof,number of windows and openings, strength and type of materials used in construction; in the design process itis vital to determine the potential danger and the extent of this danger. Most importantly human safety shouldbe provided. Moreover, to achieve functional continuity after an explosion, architectural and structural factorsshould be taken into account in the design process, and an optimum building plan should be put together.Study and evaluation becomes important regarding building openings against consequences of the explosion.Openings are the weakest part of the structure against blast waves and shrapnel and could play a role inincreasing or decreasing the effects of explosions on buildings, according to their position in the external layerof the building. Thus, the purpose of this survey is to determine some indicators for evaluating the openingsof buildings against blast effects. In this regard, the various types of openings were identified for evaluatingthem in terms of passive defense and using library resources. Then, by interviewing the experts in the fieldof architecture, civil and passive defense all indicators for the openings were determined. Subsequently, thequestionnaires were distributed among 28 experts to obtain their opinions for the purpose of weighing theinfluential indicators. Through the use of group decision-making method based on paired comparisons model,the priorities and also necessity of each indicator and its weight were determined using a 9-point Likert scale.In order to assess the reliability of the questionnaire, the Cronbach’s Alpha test can be used. The reliabilityof the questionnaire was acceptable, as the Cronbach’s Alpha was equals to 0.786. By implementing thismethod, it was concluded that the ratio of opening area to wall area is the most important factor among othereffective indicators followed by skylight method. Based on the results, the effect of these two factors is morethan fifty percent in the design of openings compatible with passive defense architecture. It is also importantto note that the shape and the type of selected openings should not be in contrast to the building functions.}, keywords = {Opening,Passive Defense,Explosion,AHP}, title_fa = {شناسایی بافت های فرسوده و نوع مداخله مناسب در آن ها با استفاده از GIS و فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (مطالعه موردی: محدوده درکه)}, abstract_fa = {امروزه با توجه به رشد شتابان شهرنشینی و افزایش فزاینده جمعیت شهرها، توجه به بافت‌های فرسوده که از سوی برخی متفکران از آن‌ها به‌عنوان ثروت پنهان شهرها یاد شده است، اهمیتی دوچندان یافته است. از جمله مراحل اساسی در فرآیند برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی بافت‌های شهری، تعریف و تبیین معیارهای علمی و جامع برای شناسایی و پهنه‌بندی بافت‌های فرسوده شهری است. این مقاله تلاش دارد تا با در نظر گرفتن تمامی عوامل مؤثر بر فرسودگی، به مدل جامع و کاربردی شناسایی پهنه‌های مختلف بافت‌های شهری نایل آید. در ادامه به‌منظور تحلیل دقیق‌تر داده‌ها، محدودة درکه واقع در شمال شهر تهران به‌عنوان نمونه، مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. روش تحقیق مورد استفاده در این پژوهش توصیفی- ‌تحلیلی است؛ در این ارتباط از طریق مطالعه اسنادی و منابع کتابخانه‌ای و مصاحبه، اطلاعات لازم گردآوری شده و شاخص‌های مؤثر در شناسایی بافت‌های فرسوده تدوین و تدقیق گردیده است. با نهایی شدن مدل کاربردی و از طریق روش فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP) و سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS)، پهنه‌های فرسوده در محدوده بافت مورد مطالعه، نوع مداخله مناسب و همچنین اولویت مداخله در آن‌ها مشخص شده‌اند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که معیارهای تشخیص بافت‌های فرسوده متناسب با شرایط مختلف آن‌ها قابل تعیین بوده و اهمیت معیارها نسبت به‌هم، در محدوده‌های مکانی و زمانی مختلف متفاوت و فاقد یک وزن ثابت است و هر پهنه هرچند کوچک بر اساس میزان و نوع فرسودگی، نوع خاصی از مداخله را طلب می‌کند.      }, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_114.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_114_f799e5cc73f574232942eb4a00f3d210.pdf} } @article { author = {Bozorgmehr, Nasim and Habibi, Mitra and Barakpour, Naser}, title = {Assessment of Karaj Current Development Plan Based on the Smart Growth}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {131-154}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2013.115}, abstract = {Sprawl is a form of fast and scattered growth of urban and metropolitan areas that in some cases even connects the city to rural areas. In current times, there are many cities throughout the world that have missed a substantial amount of their natural resources and valuable open spaces due to improper utilization of land and sprawl. Hence, not only the life conditions of their dwellers have been degraded, but rather the opportunity of their future generations for taking advantage of city resources have been diminished. This sort of growth that has many adverse effects on ecological, economical and social aspects of a society could be seen in some cities of Iran as well. One of the cities in Iran that suffers from sprawl is the city of Karaj. Until 1966, this city had a “Garden City-like” appearance. However, because of the growth of immigration and demolition of gardens and green areas from one side and also conveyance of agricultural water to the city of Tehran, collapse of gardens and emergence of new neighborhoods, uncontrolled construction along the Tehran-Ghazvin Connecting Road, and finally joining of several peripheral urban systems of the city of Karaj, it has been transformed to the today city of Karaj. One of the main challenges of this city is its physical growth that has caused its gardens and agricultural lands to demolish and the cost of urban services to increase. Its other problems are scattered construction sites, heavy traffic, loss of identity and social characteristics of neighborhoods, pollution, destruction of natural sceneries, decrease in quality of life and so forth. One way of confronting this unorganized growth is taking Smart Growth principles into consideration while preparing city development plans. Smart Growth is one of the most significant forms of development against sprawl and with its focus on city revitalization and expanding transportation alternatives; it pursues creating social places in a way that people show inclination to live in. This paper has been prepared with the aim of assessing the proposed development plan of the city of Karaj based on Smart Growth indicators, and results in designating of planning priorities for the city of Karaj by applying Smart Growth principles. In order to assess the aforementioned plan, at the phase of determining the Significance Coefficients of criteria and sub criteria, the AHP technique has been used and at the phase of determining the extent to which this plan has brought sub criteria into consideration and as a result of this, determining the planning priorities based on smart growth criteria, a simple Ranking Method (Ranks from 0 to 7) has been utilized. This research reveals that the above-mentioned plan has obtained 52.84 percent of the total score. In other words, the plan relatively conforms to the principles of Smart Growth in terms of the development of the city. However, it is clear that this plan shows more strength in some indicators and sub-indicators, and less in others which demonstrate the planning priorities. The most important weak points of this plan are mainly related to the subjects like: plan monitoring, equal access to information, and social participation in the process of making decisions, and almost all of these have roots in the system of preparing development plans in Iran.  }, keywords = {Assessment,Smart Growth,Sprawl,Development Plan,Development plan of the city of Karaj}, title_fa = {ارزیابی طرح پیشنهادی توسعه شهر کرج مبتنی بر رویکرد رشد هوشمند}, abstract_fa = {امروزه شهرهای بسیاری در سطح جهان در اثر رشد پراکنده، منابع طبیعی خود را مورد بهره‌برداری نادرست قرار داده‌اند. در ایران نیز کرج که تا سال 1345 سیمای یک باغ‌شهر را داشت با رشد مهاجرت، تخریب باغات و اراضی سبز، اتصال روستاهای پیرامون در حاشیه شهر و... به کرج امروزی با رشدی لجام گسیخته تبدیل شده است. یکی از راه‌هایی که برای مقابله با چنین رشد نابسامانی در دنیا مطرح شده، بهره‌گیری از الگوی «رشد هوشمند» در تهیه طرح‌های توسعه شهر است. رشد هوشمند با تمرکز بر تجدید حیات شهری و گسترش گزینه‌های حمل و نقل عمومی به‌دنبال ایجاد جوامعی است که مردم به زندگی در آن رغبت نشان دهند. این مقاله با هدف ارزیابی آخرین طرح تفصیلی شهر کرج بر مبنای معیارهای رشد هوشمند تهیه شده و به ارزیابی و تعیین اولویت‌های برنامه‌ریزی در طرح تفصیلی شهر کرج با هدف بهره‌گیری از اصول رشد هوشمند، پرداخته است. در کل نتایج تحقیق حاکی از آن است که طرح مذکور 84/52 درصد نمره از کل را کسب نموده و با رویکرد رشد هوشمند انطباق نسبی دارد. عمده‌ترین موضوعاتی که در طرح مذکور نیازمند تأکید بیشتر است مربوط به مسایلی از قبیل نظارت بر اجرای طرح، دسترسی مساوی به اطلاعات و جلب مشارکت اجتماعی در تهیه طرح است که اکثراً ریشه در نظام تهیه طرح‌های توسعه شهری در ایران دارد.    }, keywords_fa = {ارزیابی,رشد هوشمند,رشد پراکنده,طرح توسعه‌ شهر,طرح تفصیلی شهر کرج}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_115.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_115_372aef26558f9f5f83915b1a54865004.pdf} } @article { author = {Parivar, Parastoo and Faryadi, Shahrzad and Salehi, Esmaeel and Yavari, Ahmadreza and Sotoudeh, Ahad}, title = {A framework for Strategic Environmental Assessment of Urban Development Plans based on the principles of Resilience Thinking}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {155-171}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2013.116}, abstract = {Strategic environmental assessment is a tool for considering environmental issues in the early stages of decision-making. Three distinct characteristics of an strategic environmental assessment are : Strategic in nature, integrated in the process of decision making and planning context, and enabling realization of the three objectives of sustainable development. The main objective of this study is to develop a strategic environmental assessment framework  based on the theories and principles of resilience thinking as the procedural part of the framework and using the principles of new urban ecology approach to inform the content of strategic environmental assessment framework of Urban Development Plans. Using the resilience approach in the process of strategic environmental assessment has been recently proposed as an effective measure to realize the objectives of sustainable development and to minimize uncertainties concerning the likely impacts of development policies. Resilience is  the ability of systems To maintain desirable ecosystem services Deal with environmental changes and human exploitation. Resilience thinking provides insight of unpredictable future, Inevitability of changes and Vulnerability of systems to be considered through multiple scales concept and pick out the appropriate spatial and temporal scale. The content of proposed framework is largely based on New Urban Ecology approach.Ttransformation in ecological paradigm created fundamental changes in urban ecology studies, in the new approach as New urban ecology , the city is being considered as one of the most crucial open and dynamic systems under the influence of human decision and activities at different temporal and spatial scales. The proposed framework is largely based on the two basic principles of New Urban Ecology approach i.e. relationship between structure and functions in urban environment and the application of resilience thinking in sustainable urban development.these two principles can be recognized in conceptual model that developed by Alberti and marzluff (2004). Using the model of Alberti and marzluff (2004) we can find the interactions between Driving forces, structures, functions and impacts in urban environments. finally based on this model, we can  defined and analysis the Urban context.The model is used in stages of Strategic Environmental Assessment framework of Urban Development Plans that developed in this research. The proposed framework is composed of three main steps. The first step is to evaluate general resilience of  the urban environment setting  which is in line with the screening stage in an ordinary strategic environmental assessment procedure. This stage aims at an understanding of vulnerabilities and resilience of the urban setting to disturbances. In General Resilience Assessment System as a whole is considered. The whole system is evaluated based on several criteria. The second stage is to conduct an assessment of the urban resilience to the proposed urban development policies, plans or programmes through a series of consecutive substages including context setting, identification of objectives and assessment criteria, impact assessment and proposals for impact mitigation. And the third stage is to develop an adaptive management system in order to support systematic engagement of public and stakeholders and monitoring of  the adverse effects. The proposed framework is expected to be further moderated and validated through its application in different case studies.    }, keywords = {Strategic Environmental Assessment,Resilience Thinking,Urban environment,New Urban Ecology}, title_fa = {بسط چارچوب ارزیابی راهبردی محیط زیستی طرح های توسعه شهری بر اساس تفکر تابآوری}, abstract_fa = {ارزیابی راهبردی محیط زیستی به‌عنوان ابزاری برای در نظر گرفتن ملاحظات محیط زیستی در مراحل اولیه تصمیم‌گیری است. با توجه به مرور منابع و بررسی تجارب کشورهایی که در برنامه‌ریزی‌های خود از فرآیند ارزیابی راهبردی محیط زیستی بهره می‌گیرند، مشخص شد که چارچوب‌هایی که تاکنون به‌کار گرفته شده از کارآیی لازم برای تحلیل سیستم‌های پیچیده اجتماعی اکولوژیکی به‌ویژه شهرها برخوردار نیست. از این‌رو ضرورت دارد از رویکردهای نوین مانند تفکر تاب‌آوری و اکولوژی شهری در ارزیابی راهبردی محیط زیستی جهت برآورد اهداف توسعه پایدار و کاهش عدم قطعیت استفاده شود. از این‌رو در قالب یک مطالعه تطبیقی، منابع موجود در زمینه تفکر تاب‌آوری، اکولوژی شهری مدرن و کاربرد آن‌ها در فرآیند ارزیابی راهبردی محیط زیستی گردآوری شد و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت و بر این اساس یک چارچوب سه مرحله‌ای پیشنهاد گردید. در مرحله اول این چارچوب، تاب‌آوری عمومی بستر محیط زیست شهری به‌صورت کلی از طریق معیارهای سنجش تاب‌آوری عمومی ارزیابی می‌شود. مرحله دوم سنجش تاب‌آوری بستر نسبت به طرح توسعه پیشنهادی است و مرحله سوم عبارت است از بسط مدیریت تطبیقی برای فراهم آوردن سیستمی انعطاف‌پذیر جهت مشارکت افراد ذی‌نفع و ذی‌نفوذ و نیز پایش اثرات.    }, keywords_fa = {ارزیابی راهبردی محیط زیستی,تفکر تاب‌آوری,شهر,اکولوژی شهری مدرن}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_116.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_116_0331b29d538f79b86c0c82c2b7e9649e.pdf} }