@article { author = {Azimi, Sharareh and Partovi, Parvin}, title = {The Phenomenology of Lived Experiences of Yazd Historical District Residents in Encountering Tourism}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {13}, number = {29}, pages = {1-28}, year = {2020}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2020.2299.1454}, abstract = {As a society becomes a destination for tourism, the lives of its residents are affected and achieving sustainable tourism to preserve and enhance the characteristics of the residents is of particular importance in the field of tourism planning and development. The presence of tourists in the host cities has positive economic, social, and environmental impact on the local and national levels, however, increasing economic interests have affected residents as well as historical and cultural heritage. With increasing the growing trend of internal and external tourism, sustainable tourism development in a district requires attention to desires and perceptions of the host community to tourism phenomenon, and overlooking this matter can create challenges for tourism development in the long term. Tourism is a multi-faceted phenomenon, and its analysis focuses on two basic aspects. The first aspect relies on the trend of economic marketing and the second aspect is based on the socio-cultural framework. The general public has been opting for the first aspect by examining the phenomenon of tourism from the quantitative position and leaving the gap in the theoretical and methodological research and this gap reflects a complex relationship between the facts and their meanings. This duality shows the dominance of the positivism approach to the study of tourism phenomenon while also implies eliminating a significant volume of cultural and social issues related to tourism in such studies. According to available statistics, the Historic City of Yazd has had a significant growth in tourism in recent years. Considering the fact that Yazd is a religious society, economic motivation is not merely a reason for participation or non-participation of the residents. The factors that determine the satisfaction of residents toward tourism are their perception of tourism, the tourists behaviour, and the impact that tourism has on the lived experience of residents. This research uses the interpretive paradigm and in particular, the phenomenological approach derived from Heidegger's ideas to address the perceptual aspect of tourism from the perspective of those experiencing it, namely the host community. Data collection has been carried out through semi-structured field observations and semi-structured deep interviews from residents in Yazd historical district using the first-person approach and existential phenomenology. The data has been analyzed by using qualitative content analysis method with coding process, and the conceptual framework of the phenomenological narrative of residents in Yazd historical district from the tourism phenomenon and its main and subsidiary elements has been developed. According to the research findings, lived experience of historical district residents (in term of individual characters, lived relations, values) and lifeworld characteristics of the historical district (in term of business space, physical space, social space, and individual-residence space), have been identified as influencing factors in the phenomenology of lived experiences of Yazd historical district residents in encountering tourism.}, keywords = {Phenomenology,Tourism,lived experience,Residents,Yazd Historical Districts}, title_fa = {پدیدارشناسی تجربه‌زیسته ساکنان بافت تاریخی شهر یزد در مواجهه با گردشگری}, abstract_fa = {با تبدیل جامعه به مقصد گردشگری، زندگی ساکنان تحت‌تأثیر قرار گرفته و دستیابی به گردشگری پایدار با هدف حفظ و ارتقا ویژگی‌های ساکنان اهمیت ویژه‌ای در عرصه برنامه‌ریزی توسعه گردشگری می‌یابد. با افزایش روند روبه‌رشد گردشگری داخلی و خارجی، توسعه گردشگری پایدار در یک منطقه نیازمند توجه به خواسته‌ها و ادراکات ساکنان نسبت به پدیده گردشگری بوده و نادیده‌گرفتن این موضوع می‌تواند چالش‌هایی را در بلندمدت برای توسعه گردشگری در منطقه ایجاد کند. ‫پژوهش حاضر از پارادایم تفسیری و به‌طور خاص رویکرد پدیدارشناسی برگرفته از آرای هایدگر ‫بهره برده است تا با تأکید بر وجه ادراکی گردشگری از منظر کسانی که آن را تجربه می‌کنند، یعنی ساکنان بافت تاریخی شهر یزد به موضوع بپردازد. جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از طریق مشاهدات میدانی و مصاحبه‌های عمیق نیمه‌ساختاریافته با ساکنان بافت تاریخی گردشگرپذیر شهر یزد و با استفاده از پدیدارشناسی اول شخص و اگزیستانسیال انجام شده است. داده‌ها نیز با بهره‌گیری از تحلیل محتوای کیفی کدگذاری شده و چارچوب مفهومی روایت پدیدارشناسانه ساکنان بافت تاریخی شهر یزد در مواجهه با پدیده گردشگری و مؤلفه‌های اصلی و فرعی آن تدوین شده است. بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش، تجربه‌زیسته ساکنان بافت تاریخی (با مؤلفه‌های فرعی ویژگی‌های فردی، روابط زیسته، ارزش‌ها) و ویژگی‌های زیست‌جهان بافت تاریخی (با مؤلفه‌های فرعی فضای کسب‌وکار، فضای کالبدی-محیطی، فضای اجتماعی و فضای شخصی-سکونتی)، به‌عنوان عوامل مؤثر در پدیدارشناسی تجربه‌زیسته ساکنان بافت تاریخی شهر یزد در مواجهه با گردشگری شناسایی شده‌اند.}, keywords_fa = {پدیدارشناسی,گردشگری,تجربه‌زیسته,ساکنان,بافت تاریخی یزد}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_814.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_814_9e4a3de58deeeca9061bbe83a277f91e.pdf} } @article { author = {Sarrafi, mozaffar and Ebrahimnia, Vahide and hamedanchi, faezeh}, title = {Higher Education Centers’ Role in Promoting the Acculturation of Learning Urban Community: Sanabad and Jannat Neighborhoods, Mashhad}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {13}, number = {29}, pages = {33-50}, year = {2020}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2020.2719.1549}, abstract = {Mashhad metropolis with the consistent presence of millions of pilgrims and travelers is a great center of communication among different ethnic groups and cultures. This issue has created numerous economic and tourism opportunities and laid the ground for the interaction of incongruent cultural trends in this city. These incongruent cultural trends support opposite values at times and this contrast has been the cause of cultural challenges in Mashhad city. The current study has aimed at improving the cultural identity of this city by applying the learning city approach and emphasizing the role of higher education centers. Learning city with creating an atmosphere for diverse experiences entails all the social and cultural groups and provides the context for the activities that require involvement in order to ease the process of learning and acculturation for the citizens. In this study, after reviewing the theoretical literature, the components, criteria, and indicators of learning cities and the characteristics of learning and cultural environments were extracted from documentary sources; and since the criteria and the indicators are not equally important in the research, in order to use them in the next steps, the coefficient of the importance of them has been determined by the meta-synthesis matrix. In the next step, Sanabad and Jannat neighborhoods were selected as the case studies of this research. The selection criteria were the cultural and educational conditions of the neighborhoods and the number of immigrants moving to the neighborhoods in the last decade. Two neighborhoods have been divided into seven homogeneous areas based on the indicators of the access network, access to local services, socio-economic status, and the number of immigrants. Additionally, the number of questionnaires to measure the subjective indicators of research using Cochran's formula for the whole sample (150 people) and each homogeneous area is determined according to the ratio of its population to the total population. The required information for research indicators was collected from documentary sources and field survey and the reliability of the questionnaire questions was assessed using Cronbach's alpha tool. After collecting information, the research indicators were measured separately for population, spatial and social distribution indices in homogeneous areas and the obtained values were standardized for later use. The final score of each indicator in each area is used for: a) Identifying and ranking the areas in terms of infrastructure and cultural requirements to identify the stimulus area for cultural development and acculturation, and b) Identifying and proposing action priorities and the intervention for each of the homogeneous areas by using the cut-point method. The results of this study demonstrate that a district which is comprised of cultural infrastructures and requirements can act as a stimulant in cultural development and acculturation. Also, a spatial and institutional structure should be provided that facilitates the creation of urban communities with the possibility of different cultural trends through which higher education centers work in tandem with local communities to act as a unit for mediating, facilitating, and coordinating these communities.}, keywords = {urban culture,acculturation,learning cCity,higher education centers,Mashhad metropolis}, title_fa = {نقش‌آفرینی مراکز آموزش عالی در ارتقاء فرهنگ‌پذیری اجتماع شهری یادگیرنده بررسی موردی: محله‌های سناباد و جنت، مشهد}, abstract_fa = {کلان‌شهر مشهد با حضور مستمر میلیون‌ها زائر، کانون بزرگ ارتباط اقوام و فرهنگ‌های مختلف است. این حضور علاوه بر فرصت‌های متعدد اقتصادی و گردشگری، زمینه برخورد جریان‌های فرهنگی ناهم‌سو با یکدیگر را ایجاد کرده است؛ جریان‌های فرهنگی که ارزش‌هایی گاه متضاد با یکدیگر را پشتیبانی می‌کنند و این تضاد عامل چالش‌های فرهنگی در شهر مشهد شده است. پژوهش حاضر هدف خود را به‌کارگیری انگاشت شهر یادگیرنده و تأکید بر نقش مراکز آموزش عالی همچون عامل وحدت‌بخش این جریان‌ها، برای تقویت هویت فرهنگی در این شهر قرار داده است. شهر یادگیرنده با ایجاد فضای تجربیات مختلف، دربرگیرنده تمامی گروه‌های اجتماعی و فرهنگی است و فرآیند یادگیری شهروندان و فرهنگ‌پذیری را تسهیل می‌بخشد. برای دستیابی به هدف مقاله معیارها و شاخص‌های پژوهش با روش فراتلفیق استخراج و وزن‌دهی شده‌است. داده‌های جمع‌آوری شده از طریق پیمایش میدانی (با 150 پرسشنامه از جامعه آماری) و مطالعات اسنادی، با شاخص‌‌های توزیع جمعیتی، فضایی و اجتماعی سنجیده شده است. و در نهایت رتبه‌بندی نواحی هفت‌گانه به‌وسیله مقادیر استاندارد شده حاصل از سنجش شاخص‌ها صورت پذیرفت. نتیجه این تحلیل‌ تعیین ناحیه برخوردار از الزامات فرهنگ‌پذیری، به‌عنوان محرک توسعه فرهنگی و فرهنگ‌پذیری و ارائه پیشنهاد برای فراهم‌کردن ساختار فضایی و نهادی تسهیل‌کننده یادگیری، با امکان حضور جریان‌های مختلف فرهنگی و با تقویت نقش مراکز آموزش عالی به‌عنوان واحد میانجی ارتباطات این جریان‌ها است.}, keywords_fa = {فرهنگ شهری,فرهنگ‌پذیری,شهر یادگیرنده,مراکز آموزش عالی,کلان‌شهر مشهد}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_815.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_815_8c1531bbe13e5976d39c534a9654658d.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghalehnoee, Mahmoud}, title = {Evaluation of Urban Form and Automobile Dependence A Case Study of Marne-la-Vallée New Town (Paris-France)}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {13}, number = {29}, pages = {51-71}, year = {2020}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2020.2390.1455}, abstract = {Automobile dependence is one of the most important symptoms of modern cities which have negative impacts on environmental, social, and economic aspects. The impacts such as injuries in accidents, air, water, and soil pollution, noise, townscape perturbation, traffic jams, and waste of time and energy are more known examples. In order to establish efficient strategies and policies to improve the situation, a complete and detailed evaluation of automobile dependence is necessary. The objective of the research is to evaluate the new town of Marne-la-Vallée in the east of Paris in France as the case study from the "automobile dependence" viewpoint. This research also confirms that the theory of "conceptual combinations of three urban fabrics" developed by Peter Newman is applied in this new town. As explained in this theory, usually in a metropolis the urban form is classified into three distinct urban fabrics: the first one is "walking urban fabric" which contains the core of the city, the second one is "transit urban fabric" which contains inner and outer urban fabrics and finally the third one "auto urban fabric" which is relatively automobile-dependent urban fabric. With a total population of 311851 in 2015, this new town has been planned as a hub of employment and residence in Parisian suburb. Marne-la-Vallée is formed by 4 sectors of (1) Porte de Paris, (2) Val Maubuée, (3) Val-de-Bussy, and (4) Val-d'Europe, which are consisted of 26 "communes". The key literature of automobile dependence is investigated in 6 dimensions: compactness/sprawl of urban fabric, accessibility to urban centers, sustainable transportation, population density, urban fabric clustering, and accessibility of green and open spaces, in each dimension a set of parameters has been defined and quantified to evaluate the state of automobile dependence related to the urban fabric. In this research, quantitative method has been used and data collection has been carried out with the assistance of the INSEE (The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) database. The findings show that the new town of Marne-la-Vallée is relatively automobile-dependent and this dependency is a dependent variable of "distance from center" (Paris), which means the further away from the center, the more the rate of automobile dependence in 6 investigated dimensions.  Finally, in a spider chart, the result of car dependence is shown separately for each of the four parts of this new town. Despite the objectives of the planners for this new town, the urban form of Marne-la-Vallée is not successful according to sustainable urban transportation and automobile dependency concept. Also, the typical principles and rules concerning other suburbs are present here and this new town has to take the necessary measures to resolve the problem of automobile dependence.}, keywords = {Urban form,Urban sprawl,Automobile Dependence,Sustainable Transportation,Marne-la-Vallée}, title_fa = {ارزیابی شکل شهر و وابستگی به خودرو در شهر جدید مَرن-لَه-وَله ، پاریس (فرانسه)}, abstract_fa = {وابستگی به خودرو یکی از بزرگ‌ترین چالش‌های شهرهای امروزی است که پیامدهای منفی بسیاری داشته و برای تدوین راهبردهای کارآمد برای خروج از این وضعیت، سنجش شهرها از این زاویه ضروری است. در پژوهش حاضر، که در دسته پژوهش‌های کمی و کاربردی قرار دارد، با هدف ارزیابی میزان وابستگی به خودرو، شهر جدید Marne-la-Vallée در شرق پاریس به‌عنوان نمونه موردی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. در این پژوهش پس از معرفی این شهر و بررسی ادبیات موضوع، به‌منظور تبیین شاخص‌هایی برای ارزیابی وابستگی به خودرو شش بعد متفاوت شناسایی شده‌اند. این شش بعد شامل پیوستگی/پراکندگی بافت شهری، دسترسی به مراکز شهری، حمل‌ونقل پایدار، تراکم جمعیتی، خوشه‌بندی بافت شهری و دسترسی به فضای سبز هستند که در هر یک از این ابعاد پارامترهای متعددی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و در قالب نمودارهایی ارائه شده‌اند. پس از بررسی موارد ذکر شده در چهار بخش شهر و با مقایسه آنها با سطح میانگین، نتایج ارائه شده نشان می‌دهد که در این شهر «وابستگی به خودرو» تابعی از فاصله از مرکز اصلی (پاریس) بوده و با دور شدن از مرکز، این شرایط در پنج بعد از شش بعد مورد بررسی، تشدید شده و تئوری ترکیب مفهومی«سه گونه بافت شهری» پیتر نیومن در آن تأیید می‌گردد. }, keywords_fa = {شکل شهر,پراکندگی شهری,وابستگی به خودرو,حمل‌ونقل پایدار,شهر جدید Marne-la-Vallée}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_787.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_787_1283a1286fbce357d666f5bb88f06b0d.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahimzadeh, Mohammadreza and Gharibpour, Afra and Shahpari, Anahita}, title = {A Comparative Study of Master’s Degree Programs of Architecture}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {13}, number = {29}, pages = {73-95}, year = {2020}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2020.2952.1601}, abstract = {The master's degree program of architecture in Iran which has been a discontinuous program since 1999, has been developed based on the sub-division of previous continuous M-Arch program into two discontinuous “bachelor” and “master” programs. Since then the master’s degree program and the curriculum have been revised only a few times and the last revision was approved in 2013. The Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MSRT) has developed the master’s degree program according to the coordinated education system and its prevailing restrictions. The department of architecture at the University of Art, after 14 years of offering the M.Arch program, decided to start developing its own curriculum with a series of research programs. This research aims to define the main goals and the general and specific characters in contemporary graduate education in architecture. In this article, a comparative study has been conducted to analyze the master's degree programs in selected universities and departments in the United States (2 programs), Europe (4 programs), and Asia (2 programs including Iran) with the highest ranks in Q. S world university rankings. Accordingly, the master of architecture program in high ranking universities of M.I.T, TU Delft, ETH Zurich, Harvard University, University of Manchester, Politecnico di Milano, and the National University of Singapore have been studied and analyzed. Also, the structure of the latest master’s degree program of architecture approved by MSRT in Iran has been reviewed and analyzed in comparison to the curriculum of architecture in the selected universities. This research is a developmental research with a qualitative methodology and is conducted based on logical analysis, comparison, and inference methods. The findings of this study demonstrate that the master's degree program of architecture in Iran can only be compared with the educational programs of the selected universities in terms of course length and overall structure. However, in terms of goal setting, educational areas and educational details further revisions are needed. Additionally, fundamental changes should be made in accordance with the architectural features of the country and the region, which should be considered in the development of educational programs. The areas in which further development in the M.Arch program in Iran can be recommended are: continuous revisions and updating of the program and curriculum through research; clarification of the educational goals in respect to the context; developing various educational fields in the program; redefining the structure of the courses in each semester to reach higher levels of integration; considering flexibility in the program based on the students’ potential; leveraging the spatial characteristics and capacities of the campus buildings and facilities; offering a more balanced combination of theoretical courses and studios in order to make it a coherent experience for the students; providing apprenticeship opportunities as an option for education.}, keywords = {architectural education,Master’s Degree,Educational Program}, title_fa = {مطالعه تطبیقی برنامه‌های‌ آموزشی دوره کارشناسی ارشد ناپیوسته معماری}, abstract_fa = {برنامه آموزش دوره کارشناسی ارشد معماری در ایران، که از سال ۱۳۷۸ به‌صورت ناپیوسته درآمده، از یک سو براساس تجزیه برنامه سابق به دو دوره، و از سوی دیگر تطابق با نظام هماهنگ آموزش و محدودیت‌های غالب بر آن، توسط وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری تنظیم شده است. تحولاتی که طی دو دهه گذشته در تنوع تخصص‌های مرتبط با معماری، در مقام رشته دانشگاهی و حرفه، رخ داده است و رشد شتابان دانشکده‌های معماری با امکانات و توانایی‌های بسیار متفاوت، بازنگری در برنامه آموزشی را ناگزیر ساخته است. در این مقاله تلاش شده است تا با بررسی تطبیقی برنامه آموزشی در دانشگاه‌های معتبر در آمریکا، اروپا، و آسیا، رابطه میان هدف‌گذاری و برنامه درسی و همچنین ویژگی‌های کلی برنامه از نظر طول دوره، نسبت حوزه‌های مختلف دروس، و ساختار برنامه مصوب وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری، بررسی و تحلیل شود. این تحقیق از نوع توسعه‌ای است و با رویکرد کیفی به روش تحلیل، تطبیق و استنتاج منطقی انجام شده است. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که برنامه کارشناسی ارشد معماری در ایران تنها از نظر طول دوره و ساختار کلی با برنامه‌های آموزشی دانشگاه‌های معتبر برگزیده قابل‌مقایسه است اما از نظر کیفیت هدف‌گذاری، تنوع و ارتباط حوزه‌های آموزشی، و برخی جزئیات آموزشی دیگر نیازمند بازنگری دقیق‌تر و تغییرات اساسی منطبق بر ویژگی‌های معماری درکشور و منطقه است که می‌تواند در تدوین برنامه‌های آموزشی لحاظ شود.}, keywords_fa = {آموزش معماری,کارشناسی ارشد,برنامه درسی}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_809.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_809_1ddf2d5f40508bb06a9d4087fdc8c1eb.pdf} } @article { author = {Taghipour Mizani, Elham and Rashid Kolvir, Hojjatollah and Taghipour Mizani, Elham}, title = {Effect of Atrium Skylight Type on Atrium Interior Lighting in Educational Buildings in Tabriz, Iran}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {13}, number = {29}, pages = {97-111}, year = {2020}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2020.836}, abstract = {Atrium is referred to a wide-open space, which often has several floors and is covered with glass ceilings or large windows, or both. Atria are often used when the built-up area of the building is too high or the building's southern facades are inaccessible or limited for lighting, so using sunlight should be the main consideration of their design. There are four types of atrium: centralized, semi-enclosed, attached, and linear. In this research centralized type is reviewed and a square plan atrium is chosen according to the studies. The dimensions of the selected plans for atriums are 4*4, 6*6, 8*8, and 10*10 meters and the height of the atrium is constant (9 meters). Since the form and structure of the skylight can affect how the atrium receives sunlight, this paper seeks to study the effect of the type and shape of the skylight on the amount of light received in the inner space of the atrium. This research has been carried out in the cold climate of Tabriz in Iran so the conditions of cloudy skies according to the climate of Tabriz are considered for simulation. In order to fulfill the objective of this study, first, the atrium and components which affect the design and the theoretical reviews were investigated and then the proportions of the model were obtained. In order to perform more detailed analysis, the effect of five different atrium skylights (1. flat roof with lighting from the top, 2. flat roof with lighting from sides, 3. roof with light scoops, 4. single-sided sloped roof, and 5. double-sided sloped roofs) on the interior lighting of the atrium have been compared. Also changing the amount of glazing surface of these skylights is another main variable of this research. Daylight Factor, Autonomy, Brightness (lux), and Sky Component are the factors that were measured by Ecotect Analysis and Radiance software. The results are compared and analyzed and have been illustrated in tables and graphs. The results demostrate that the shape of the skylight has a significant effect on the amount of light received inside the atrium. Suitable daylight factor and brightness for the atrium are achieved by a single-sided sloped roof with 90 percent of glazing and a double-sided sloped roof with 80-90 percent of glazing while the dimensions of the atrium are 4m. For the atrium with dimensions of 6m, it is achieved by flat roof with lighting from the top, single-sided and double-sided sloped roof with 50-60 percent of glazing and finally roof with light scoops with 50-70 percent of glazing. There is a very high possibility of glare in larger atriums with this low, two-story height. It should be noted, however, that the results achieved are only affected by the changes in the roof shape, the proportions of the atrium and the amount of glass in the skylight, and factors such as the reflection of surfaces, the transmission of the surfaces, shading, height, and shape of the atrium and the effect of other conditions of the sky have not been considered.}, keywords = {Educational building,Daylight,Atrium,skylight,Tabriz}, title_fa = {بررسی تأثیر شکل سقف آتریوم بر دریافت روشنایی داخلی آتریوم در فضاهای آموزشی شهر تبریز}, abstract_fa = {تأمین روشنایی فضای آتریوم با بهره‌گیری مناسب از نور روز طبیعی از مواردی است که می‌بایست در طراحی این نوع از فضا مورد توجه قرار گیرد. نظر به اینکه فرم و ساختار سقف آتریوم می‌تواند بر نحوه‌ دریافت روشنایی طبیعی فضا تأثیرگذار باشد، مقاله‌ حاضر در پی بررسی تأثیر نوع و شکل سقف آتریوم بر میزان دریافت روشنایی داخلی آن در بناهای آموزشی اقلیم سرد شهر تبریز می‌باشد. جهت انجام پژوهش، آتریوم‌های دو طبقه با ابعاد 4*4، 6*6، 8*8 و 10*10 و پنج نوع سقف شامل سقف مسطح با نورگیری از بالا و جانبی، سقف دندانه‌ای، سقف شیب‌دار یک‌طرفه و دوطرفه با سطح شیشه‌خوری 90-50 درصد (با فاصله 10 درصد) طراحی گردید. با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای اکوتکت و ردینس مدل‌های تحقیق بهینه‌سازی و میزان نور روز دریافتی، فاکتور نور روز و آتونومی نور روز از اول مهر تا آخر خرداد اندازه‌گیری گردید. دستاورد تحقیق حاکی از آن است که کمترین میزان نور دریافتی در آتریوم با سقف مسطح با نورگیر جانبی و بیشترین مقدار در آتریوم با سقف شیب‌دار دوطرفه ایجاد شده است. همچنین در آتریوم‌های با سقف مسطح (نورگیر از بالا)، سقف دندانه‌ای و سقف شیب‌دار یک‌طرفه، ابعاد 6*6 با سطح شیشه‌خوری 50 درصد و در آتریوم با سقف شیب‌دار دوطرفه، ابعاد 4*4 با سطح شیشه‌خوری 90 درصد امکان تأمین مناسب روشنایی طبیعی روز فراهم می‌گردد. البته می‌بایست خاطرنشان کرد که نتایج به‌دست‌آمده تنها تحت تأثیر تغییرات شکل سقف، ابعاد پلان آتریوم و سطح شیشه‌خور سقف بوده و تأثیر سایر عوامل مورد کنکاش قرار نگرفته است.}, keywords_fa = {فضای آموزشی,نور روز,آتریوم مرکزی,شکل سقف,شهر تبریز}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_836.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_836_c8eb66f3a2178b244fcd4f8d4503bafa.pdf} } @article { author = {ainechi, shahrzad and Valibeig, Nima and tehrani, farhad}, title = {Theoretical Geometry of Special Karbandies in Uncommon Bases (With a Focus on the Mirza Akbar Scrolls)}, journal = {Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning}, volume = {13}, number = {29}, pages = {113-127}, year = {2020}, publisher = {University of Art}, issn = {2717-1299}, eissn = {2717-1302}, doi = {10.30480/aup.2020.837}, abstract = {The main feature of karbandies is the precise geometry and the particular graphic rules in their design and implementation. Different types of karbandies are defined based on their drawing method. Karbandies are used in the regular and unconstrained geometric fields. The pairing method is among the commonly used methods. A close connection between the "design geometry" and "proportions and dimensions of the base of execution" is required to draw the applied geometry in a particular base. Sometimes, the shape of the base is not obtained from the combination of a square and a rectangle. These bases are uncommon and are rarely seen. Under certain conditions and according to the application, the geometry of the karbandi can be implemented on unusual geometric bases and with irregular sides. Several books and papers are published on the geometry of all sorts of karbandies. In almost all of these studies, the usual and regular geometry applied in karbandies has been studied. In this paper, the use of unusual and irregular bases in karbandies has been reviewed. For this purpose, first, the bases of karbandies are categorized, then the data collection about the real instances of irregular bases has been carried out through direct observation and field survey. Also, by using library documents, some samples from Mirza Akbar's scrolls have been drawn. Finally, the geometric system of the samples has been implemented in a 3D modeling software. The magnificent collections of Iranian art at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) include the unique archive of nineteenth-century architectural drawings associated with Mirza Akbar’s scrolls. The drawings in the scrolls present a variety of structural and decorative ideas in Qajar architecture, and also reveal how design methods were used in practice at the time. The purpose of this research is to determine the geometry of karbandies with irregular bases from the perspective of the form of the base plan (theoretical geometry). This unique document of Iranian architecture is the "Mirza Akbar (architect of the Qajar period) Scrolls”. The horizontal and vertical geometry rules of this document are comprehensive, but the application methods of these geometry rules in practice is not determined. There are some examples of unusual and irregular bases of karbandies in these scrolls. The findings of this study indicate that the number of the sides is the most important aspect in distinguishing these applications from the rest of the karbandies. Also, factors such as the number of karbandi’s sides, connection distances, base shape, etc., are important in determining the design method of karbandies. There are three methods to draw karbandi in the bases of irregular polygons: 1) Extending the sides of the work in one direction, 2) Extending the sides of the work in two directions, 3) Connecting the circle splitting points based on the shape of the base and removing some of the bases (the number of bases and the elements of space varies according to the different proportions in the bases. In case of similarity of proportions in the bases, the number of bases varies according to the intended shape for space). While most architects approach the regular architectural solutions on the usual bases to design karbandies before implementation, Mirza Akbar’s drawings follow complex geometry and are implemented in irregular geometry and unusual bases.}, keywords = {Theoretical geometry,Karbandi,unusual bases,Mirza Akbar Scrolls}, title_fa = {تقسیمات هندسی کاربندی‌های خاص در زمینه‌های غیرمتداول (با نگاهی ویژه به تومار میرزا اکبر)}, abstract_fa = {در برخی موارد شکل زمینه کاربندی به‌گونه‌ای است که از ترکیب مربع و مستطیل به ‌دست نمی‌آید. این زمینه‌ها غیرمتداول بوده و به ندرت دیده می‌شوند. در شرایط خاص، هندسه کاربندی را می‌توان بر زمینه‌های غیرمنتظم هندسی پیاده‌سازی کرد. کتاب‌ها و مقاله‌های نوشته شده در مورد هندسه انواع کاربندی‌ها همگی بیشتر به شیوه ترسیم کاربندی در زمینه‌های منتظم و متداول پرداخته‌اند. کمبود چنین نگاهی در میان بسیاری از مطالعات انجام شده منجر به بررسی چگونگی ترسیم کاربندی در زمینه‌های غیر متداول و نامنتظم شده است. بدین منظور، در این مقاله پس از تقسیم‌بندی زمینه‌های کاربندی، اطلاعات مربوط به نمونه‌های واقعی در زمینه‌های غیرمنتظم از طریق مشاهده و برداشت مستقیم میدانی به‌دست می‌آید. سپس نمونه‌های موجود در تومار میرزا اکبر با مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای ترسیم می‌شوند. پس از آن، نظام هندسی نمونه‌ها با نرم افزار اتوکد مدل‌سازی می‌شوند. هدف تحقیق مشخص کردن هندسه کاربندی‌ها در زمینه‌های غیرمعمول از منظر شکل پلان زمینه است. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهند تعداد اضلاع اصلی‌ترین وجه تمایز این کاربندی‌ها از بقیه کاربندی‌ها می‌باشد. عواملی همچون تعداد اضلاع کاربندی، فواصل اتصال، شکل زمینه و غیره در شیوه ترسیم انواع کاربندی‌ها موثر هستند.}, keywords_fa = {هندسه نظری,کاربندی,زمینه‌های غیرمتداول,تومار میرزا اکبر}, url = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_837.html}, eprint = {http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_837_d901d54f840ec45b1638d00978034270.pdf} }